Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
The Skeletal System
2
Functions of Bones Support _________ Protection Movement
Mineral __________ ________ production (hemopoiesis) __________ (fat) storage Where does hemopoiesis take place? Protection homeostasis Blood cell Triglyceride 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone and 85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone. In the bone marrow
3
The Human Skeleton
4
Division of Skeletal System
All other bones Skull Vertebrae Ribs Sacrum coccyx Axial skeleton Protect and support Appendicular skeleton Movement
5
Pectoral Girdle Made up of the: Scapula Clavicle Humerus
6
Pelvic Girdle Made up of the: Pelvis Coccyx Sacrum Femur
7
Ribs Intercostal Space True ribs vs false ribs Floating ribs
Space between ribs True ribs vs false ribs True directly connect to sternum False: Connect to sternum via cartilage Floating ribs Do not connect to sternum Costal cartilage is made up of hylaine cartilage.
8
Hyoid Bone Only bone that does not articulate with another bone
9
Table Talk What is the function of the bones of the appendicular skeleton? Hint: Think of their structure and location. If you needed to inject adrenaline into the heart, where would you place the needle? Why?
10
Types of Bones _______ than they are wide 2. Short Bones Cube shaped
1. Long Bones _______ than they are wide 2. Short Bones Cube shaped _______ in length and width Flat Bones Thin Large surface area for _________ attachment Irregular Bones ________ shaped Longer Muscle Equal Weirdly
11
Types of Bones Sternum Carpal Bones
12
Classification of Bones
1. Name of bone: Type of bone: You need to do this for all bones you are given
13
Classification of Bones
Long Bones Femur Humerus Ulna Radius Phalanges Tibia Fibula Clavicle Short Bones Wrist and ankle bones Patella Flat Bones Cranial bones Sternum Ribs Scapula Irregular Bones Vertebrae Some facial bones
14
Types of Bone Tissue Long bones: Compact Bone Solid ________
Spongy bone Trabeculae __________ production “Other” bones Spongy bone is found ___________ outer layer Marrow all over the bone
15
Types of Bone Tissue Spongy Bone Compact Bone
17
Structure of Long Bone (Table Talk)
Why are osteogenic cells necessary for growth? Predict what would happen if the nutrient artery were damaged beyond repair. Predict what would happen if the medullary cavity were made of solid bone (instead of being hollow).
18
Osteocytes
19
Microscopic Structure of Bone Tissue (Osseous Tissue)
The matrix is composed of _________ collagen and ___________ Osteocytes Mature bone cells Enclosed in _________(chambers) Lacunae form rings called __________around a ____________ (hold blood vessels) collagen inorganic salts lacunae Several structures are found within the matrix There is a bunch of “stuff” found within the rings lamella Haversian Canal
20
Continued Canaliculi Tiny canals that link ___________ osteocytes
Haversian and Volkmann canals Provide space for ___________ which _______________ osteocytes Blood vessels nutrients Canaliculi link the rings of bone
22
Table Talk Find the... Haversian Canal Volkman's Canal Lamellae
Spongy Bone Compact Bone Table Talk
23
This should look familiar
B D A C
24
Bone Development hyaline gradually turns Ossification
Bone begins as ___________ cartilage Hyaline cartilage _______________ into bone (ossification) hyaline gradually turns
25
Bone Growth Occurs at the ______________________ (band of cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis) Bones elongate as cartilage cells ___________ then ossify Growth is complete when the growth plate ___________ epiphyseal line/growth plate multiply closes Epiphysis Diaphysis
26
Human Hand Growth
27
Table Talk Is growth complete in this bone? How do you know this?
28
The Vertebrae Functions: Movement Protects ___________
___________ for ribs and muscles Humans have _____ total 33 if you count the sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) spinal cord Attachment The spinal cord ends between T12 and L1 Humans have 33 if you count the fused bones of the sacrum (5) and coccxy (4) 24
29
Cervical Vertebrae Have 3 foramen Spinous process is split
Transverse foramen allow for passage of blood vessels
30
Atlas and Axis Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Lacks the body and spinous process
Yes movement Axis (C2) Has the dens Side-to-side movement
31
Thoracic Vertebrae Costal facets Articulate with ribs
32
Lumbar Vertebrae Wide body Short and thick projections
34
Identify the vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae
35
Table Talk Predict what would happen if you severely damaged a part of the spinal cord that was protected by one of the cervical vertebrae? Predict what would happen if you severely damaged a part of the spinal cord that was protected by one of the lumbar vertebrae?
36
Features of the Skull Foramen ____________ Holes Sutures
____________ bones Fontanels (soft spots) __________ bone tissue Holes Connect Unossified
37
What is the function of this foramen?
Foramen Magnum
38
Cranial Sutures Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture
39
Bones of the Skull
40
Bones of the Skull (Inferior)
41
Bones of the Feet
42
Bones of the Ankle Ankle and Upper foot - 7 bones called Tarsals
Large heel bone is the calcaneous Foot = metatarsals Toes = phalanges
43
My In Laws Never Clean Their Cleats Assignment – Foot Coloring
44
Wrist - 8 small bones called carpels
Wrist Bones Wrist - 8 small bones called carpels Metacarpals (hand) Fingers: Phalanges
45
Bones of the Hand
46
How to learn the carpals?
Or: Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle. Some Lemurs Try Peanuts That They Can’t Handle
47
Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
“Bone _________ _______ minerals Forms bone matrix Osteoclasts “Bone breaking” ________ minerals /watch?v=78RBpWSOl08 building” Absorb Releases
48
Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
49
Calcium Homeostasis Bone regulates blood calcium level osteoclasts
Low levels- __________ are activated High levels- _________ are activated This is an example of _________ feedback osteoclasts osteoblasts Negative
50
Bone Remodeling Old bone is replaced by new bone
Via action of _________ and ______________ ______________ and occurs throughout life Triggered by ________________ Damage osteoclasts osteoblasts Normal process Repeated stress
51
Fractures /watch?v=CUAMGrWiV6 w Kevin Ware
52
Fractures Tutorial Fractured Clavicle protrudes Partial
________ break across the bone Complete Complete break across the bone Closed Bone _________ break through skin Open Broken bones _________ through skin Complete does not Fractured Clavicle protrudes
53
Types of Fractures
55
Fracture Repair Process
Swelling and bleeding Callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling
56
Fracture Repair Essentials
Blood Vessels must _______________ Carry _____________ necessary for repair Bone cells must be able to ________________ remain intact nutrients regenerate **The new bone is easily detectable in X-ray’s because it forms a “bulge” at the fracture site
57
Table Talk Which layer of bone must remain intact in order for bones to heal properly? Why? Predict what would happen to a patient if his/her bone cells were unable to regenerate.
58
Fracture Case Studies Which bone(s) was/were broken? Age of patient: Identify the type of Fracture: Treatment: **Determine the type of fracture based on the x-ray **Support your reasoning with evidence from the x-ray
59
Bones and Aging Destruction formation HGH collagen
Bone mass decreases with age __________ occurs faster than _________ Bones become brittle Less ______ (strength) Less _______ (flexible) Destruction formation HGH collagen Bone mass decreases because bone destruction occurs faster than bone formation and demineralization Bones becomes brittle because less HGH is made and less collagen fibers are made (strength and flexibility)
Similar presentations
