1. 8/28
Hello!
Staplers will be passed around for you to prepare your paper. Please staple the following items with rubric on top:
RUBRIC
PAPER
PREP WORK WITH PHOTO OR ANY DRAFTS
YOUR PHOTO (IF ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPH, USE PAPERCLIP)
Put name and class period visible on top rubric please.
Next, take out a sheet of paper for notes.

2. Means and Modes of Persuasion
AP Language - Peluso
Pathos
Logos
Ethos

4. A Speaker’s Audience
The audience is not simply who sees or hears the message.
Audience is a MENTALITY not a PHYSICALITY.
The real audience is the audience that needs to move in their thinking.

5. Examples:
Moving from doubt to certainty
Moving from grief to acceptance
Moving from anger to action

6. Means and Modes of Persuasion
Means of persuasion: The necessary skills of the speaker
Modes of persuasion: The speaker’s desired outcome (goal)
The Greeks argued that you must draw out the argument from within the audience.

7. Ethos – An Appeal to Values: Understanding “the good”
Must understand “the good” as defined by the audience.
Finding and appealing to the audience’s values.
“Good” as defined by the audience is not necessarily the morally good.

8. Writers appeal to ethos when they demonstrate that they
- are credible
- like minded

9. The author presents various points of view
The author addresses the audience on their level
Restrained, sincere, fair -minded presentation
Effect: the audience feels respected

10. Example: Lou Gehrig establishes ethos because he’s a regular guy who shares the audience’s love of baseball and family, and like them, he has known good luck and bad breaks.

11. Logos – An appeal to logic
Speaker must demonstrate that they think clearly and appeal to reason by offering rational ideas.
The goal is to provide proof or apparent proof to the audience.

12. Proof and Apparent Proof
The difference between evidence and proof is that proof is uncontested.
Evidence becomes proof when the audience accepts it and believes it to be true.
Appealing to logic means having
a clear thesis
Specific examples and facts
Organized thoughts

13. Logos Continued: Breaking it down
Another way to appeal to logos is to acknowledge a counterargument – to anticipate opposing views.
In acknowledging a counterargument, you agree (concede) that an opposing view might be true,
but then you deny (refute) the validity of all or part of the argument.
Effect: evokes a rational response from the audience

14. Pathos – An Appeal to Emotion
Speaker must understand emotions and how they are evoked.
Pathos is the most powerful and immediate of all appeals : The goal is to put the audience in a specific frame of mind.
Writers will often use figurative language, strong connotative diction, and personal anecdotes to strengthen emotional arguments. (see chart for more examples)

15. HAS THIS HAPPENED TO YOU?

16. Emotion: Frame of Mind Fear Love Anger Hope Resentment Contentment
Higher Emotions
Lower Emotions
Fear
Anger
Resentment
Greed
Guilt/Shame
Love
Hope
Contentment
Empathy
Respect

17. To Recap: Drawing the argument out of the audience