1. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Late 16th and early 17th century.
Wars of Religion- conflict between the Protestants and Catholics across Europe.
Genuine religious conflict and bitter dynastic rivalries fueled the wars.
France, the Netherlands, England and Scotland in the second half of the 16th century, Calvinists fought their Catholic rulers for the right to practice their religion openly.
Lutherans, Calvinists and Catholics marched against one another in the 30 Years War
By the mid 17th century, the Puritans in England had successfully revolted against the Stuart monarchy and the Anglican Church

2. Civil War
In France
( )

3. First half of the 16th century, religious conflict was confined to central Europe as Protestants fought to secure rights and freedoms for themselves.
Second half of the century shifted the focus to Western Europe, as Calvinists fought to be recognized.
REMEMBER- the Peace of Augsburg (what was it)?
After 1563-Council of Trent and the Jesuit led counter offensive to the Protestants VS. Geneva (refuge for persecuted Protestants and an international school for protestant resistance, with leaders equal to the new Catholic challenge.
Who do you think monarchs and people who favored hierarchal rule went with?
Who do you think people opposed to centralized government and monarchies went with?

4. One More Note About Art…
Baroque art reflected the opposition between the two religions. Remember Baroque Art presented life in grandiose, three dimensional displays of raw energy. Ruebens, Bernini and Caravaggio were Catholic By contrast, the Protestant artists were more restrained, as can be seen in the gentle portraits of the Dutch Mennonite and Rembrandt.
One is meant to inspire worshippers and the other to keep worshippers attention on God’s Word and their own souls.

5. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
French Protestants known as Huguenots- first persecution began after Francis I was captured by Charles VIII. Second wave a decade later, driving Calvin out of France.
In 1540 Edict of Fontainebleau subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition.
Henri II was the last powerful Valois- died in a freak accident
Three weak sons followed: (Guise family controlled the monarchy through Mary Queen of Scots and were militant, reactionary Catholics)
Francis II- died after reigning a year, married to Mary
Charles IX- Queen Mother Catherine is regent
Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty

6. Catherine de Medici

7. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

8. The French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South(direct blood line to the throne, Henry Bourbon, if Charles and his 2 brothers die)- led by Conde
Fighting for the royal inheritance
First War of Religion the Duke of Guise was assassinated.
Edict of Amboise ended the war
Second War of Religion Conde killed and Coligny succeeded him.
Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye ended the third war and the crown acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility and granted the Huguenots religious freedoms in their territories.
After this peace, Coligny became Charles IX most trusted advisor
Catherine feared a Protestant France and began plotting with the Guises (Even though she also feared a Guise controlled monarchy)

9. St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Coligny convinced Charles IX to invade the Netherlands and support the Dutch Protestants, which Catherine knew would pit them against the mighty Spain, which they could not defeat.
Catherine was part of a failed plot to assassinate Coligny, fearing the fall out she blamed the assassination on the Protestants and urged her son to execute the Protestant leaders.
On Saint Bartholomew’s Day August 24, Coligny and 3000 other Huguenots were murdered in Paris. Within three days across France, 20,000 Huguenots were dead.
Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II of Spain held celebrations for the massacre of Protestants.
This changed the nature of the religious wars, no longer was it an internal civil war in France between two factions (Guise and Bourbon) , nor was it a simple campaign to win Protestant freedoms, now it for Protestants it was an international struggle for survival against an adversary whose cruelty justified any means of resistance.

10. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

12. The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre- legal heir to the French throne (found support among more moderate Huguenots and Catholics who put the unity of France over religion) defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War:
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Catholic League
CIVIL WAR
Protestant Union

13. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

14. Henry IV of France Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots, right to assemble, worship, admission to public office and university within their own territories.
Ended a hot war and began a cold war
Did not grant religious freedom for all
Henry IV assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic.

15. Remembered for the Edict of Nantes
Henry IV Sets the Stage
Remembered for the Edict of Nantes
Also memorable for his economic and political policies that laid the foundation for France to become an absolute state under Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV.

16. Imperial Spain and Philip II
Europe is in a time of increased population and wealth (Age of Exploration) but this triggered inflation. Wages stagnated and prices doubled and tripled.
Until no one stood taller in Europe, during the second half of the 16th century than Philip II of Spain and his peasant class became the most heavily taxed in Europe.

17. What was the Peace of Augsburg?
Who was Catherine de Medici?
What was the Bartholomews Day Massacre?

18. Occurred in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Thirty Years
War ( )
30 Years War was the last and most destructive of the Wars of Religion.
Occurred in the Holy Roman Empire.

20. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

21. Pre Conditions for the War
Fragmented Germany- 360 politically autonomous entities to which the PEACE OF AUGSBURG had given each of them significant sovereignty. The HRE only ruled to the degree he was willingly to use armed forces against his subjects.
2. Religious division- HRE population equally divided between Protestants and Catholics. There was also warring within Protestantism (Lutherans vs. Calvinists…)
3. Calvinism and the Palatinate- Calvinism is not a recognized religion. Gained popularity when the Emperor of the Palatinate became Calvinist. Lutherans came to fear them as much as Catholics.
4. Maximilian and the Catholic League- Bavaria, was the Catholic stronghold of the HRE under the Jesuits. Maximilian, leader of Bavaria, formed a Catholic League with a standing army.

22. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Ferdinand becomes HRE in 1619
Bohemia defied him and elected Frederick V (Calvinist ruler of the Palatine) as their ruler.

23. The Bohemian Phase:
Ferdinand II is Holy Roman Emperor. Spain sends troops to support him
Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria (Catholic) as well.
Frederick V (Bohemia) lost his lands in the fighting and Bohemia was catholicized.
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

24. Bohemian Phase

25. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629):
Ordered restoration to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

26. Danish Phase

27. Albrecht von Wallenstein

28. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 France & Sweden now get involved.
Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus II invaded the HR Empire. He was controlled by 2 bystanders
Cardinal Richelieu (France) wanted to protect French interest by keeping Hapsburg armies tied down in Germany
Dutch- who had not forgotten what Spain did
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein after Adolphus defeated him at Breitenfeld.
Swedish advance was stopped.
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand II’s orders.
Peace of Prague (1635) German states compromise with Ferdinand, but the Netherlands continue to support Sweden starting the 4th phase of the war

29. Swedish Phase

30. Gustavus Adolphus

31. The French Phase: 1635-1648 France openly entered the war in 1635
France & Sweden switched roles.
All countries in Europe now participated.
This phase was most destructive!
German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Been called the worst European catastrophe since the Black Death

32. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

33. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Political Provisions:
Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

34. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

35. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

37. Nobody Was Happy! Many Protestants felt betrayed.
The pope denounced it.
Confirmed territorial sovereignty of Germany’s many political entities, perpetuating German division and political weakness into the modern period.
Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!
For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

38. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?