1. Some review and some new material!
Chapter 9
Some review and some new material!

2. Abiotic: non-living things (not dead) in an ecosystem
Temperature
Humidity
Soil
Biotic: living things in an ecosystem
Plants
Animals

3. Autotroph (producer): makes its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Heterotroph (consumer): gets energy by consuming other organisms
Trophic Level: All organisms that are the same number of energy transfers from the original source of energy

4. Food Chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten
producerprimary consumersecondary consumertertiary consumer
grassgrasshopperlizardeagle
Note: arrows always go in the direction of the energy flow

5. Food Web Shows all food chains within an ecosystem Again, arrows point
in the direction of the
flow of energy.

6. 10% Rule
during the transfer of energy from organism to the next trophic level, only about ten percent of the energy from organic matter is stored as tissue

7. Predation, Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism

8. Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

9. The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators.

10. Some birds live among cattle to eat the insects stirred up as they walk. One example are egrets who hunt for insects near a grazing animal's mouth.

11. One animal attaching itself to another for transportation such as barnacles attach to shells or whales or a shrimp riding on a sea slug.
shrimp riding on a sea slug
barnacles on whale’s tail and clam

12. One species uses a second organism for housing such as small mammals or birds that live in holes in trees or orchids which live in trees.
Orchid in rainforest Venezuela

13. Parasitism
One organism, usually the physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed

14. Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur bite the animal and drink its blood are parasites.

15. Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are parasites.

16. Vines such as Kudzu growing on Trees

17. Tomato Hornworm with Wasp Eggs

18. Tapeworm or Hookworms living in Host's Gut

19. The roots of the Owl Clover are partly parasitic on the roots of other desert wildflowers.

20. Mutualism
Both species benefit from the interaction.

21. Flowers and their Pollinators (examples:  Bees and hummingbirds gather nectar and spread pollen.)

22. Birds and mammals eat berries and fruits while the plant benefits by the dispersal of it seeds.

23. Algae and Fungi > Lichen - Algae gets water and nutrients from the fungus and the fungus gets food from the algae.

24. Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals
Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals. (ex: Egyptian plover cleans giraffes and buffaloes)

25. Many herbivores such as cows, sheep, deer, horses and rabbits depend on bacteria that live in their stomachs to break down the plant material.

26. Coral Reefs- The corals get food and the algae get protection.

27. Predation
one eats another. (Carnivores eat other animals.)