1. Enlightenment The Age of Reason

2. Five Key Ideas
Reason
Nature
Happiness
Progress
Liberty

3. Philosophes-social critics, French for Philosophers or “thinkers”
Salons-social gathering where philosophes meet to discuss ideas and enjoy art
Paris-the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe during Enlightenment

4. Hobbes
Wrote Leviathan (1651) presents a bleak picture of human beings in the state of nature, where life is "nasty, brutish, and short."
All humans are naturally wicked and selfish.

5. Hobbes People need government with total control to keep order.
Fear of a violent death causes people to give up their rights to gain law and order under a sovereignty.
He supported absolute monarchy.

6. “War of every man against every man.” Hobbes

7. Locke People are reasonable and can learn from experience.
People can govern themselves.
Natural rights—life, liberty, property
Government should protect these rights or be abolished.
Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690)

8. "Though the familiar use of the Things about us, takes off our Wonder; yet it cures not our Ignorance." Locke

9. Voltaire Wrote more than 70 books Used satire
Made fun of French government
Believed in freedom of thought, expression and religion.

10. “Crush the infamous thing!” Voltaire

11. Montesquieu
Wrote On the Spirit of Laws (1748)
Separation of powers

12. “Power should be a check to power.” Montesquieu

13. Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract (1762)—
In it he maintained that human beings were essentially good and equal in the state of nature but were corrupted by the introduction of property, agriculture, science, and commerce.
Freedom and equality have been destroyed by unjust laws.

14. Believed in direct democracy in which people work for the common good.
People are equal.

15. There should be no nobility.
Education is not the imparting of knowledge but the drawing out of what is already in the child.
Was tormented by persecution mania, and lived his later years in seclusion.

16. “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.” Rousseau

17. Beccaria Believed in abolishment of torture and capital punishment.
Laws exist to preserve social order not avenge crime.
Wrote On Crimes and Punishment (1764)

18. Wollstonecraft
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Women should be educated like men and should participate in politics.
She was especially critical of a society that encouraged women to be "docile and attentive to their looks to the exclusion of all else.”

19. “If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves
“If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” Wollstonecraft

20. Smith “Father of Capitalism” Supported free trade and laissez faire
3 Natural Laws of Economics:
self-interest
competition
supply and demand

21. Diderot
Created a large set of books to which the leading scholars would contribute articles and essays……. Encyclopedia
First volumes published in 1751

22. "The good of the people must be the great purpose of government
"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual." Diderot

23. Impact
Philosophes were not active revolutionaries, but their ideas led to American and French Revolutions.
Belief in Progress
A more secular or worldly outlook
Individualism

24. Enlightened Despots
Absolute monarchs who embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment and made reforms…….BUT they would not give up their power.

25. Frederick II “First Servant of the State” Prussia 1740-1786
Was for religious freedoms
Reduced censorship
Improved education
Abolished torture
BUT…..Didn’t end serfdom

26. Joseph II Ruled Austria 1780-1790 Made legal reforms Freedom of press
Freedom of worship
Abolished serfdom peasants must be paid with cash

27. Catherine II (The Great)
Ruled Russia ( )
Was very educated
Presented many reforms
that never came true
She was too afraid of losing the support of the nobles
Enlarged the Russian Empire

28. American Revolution
Britain’s constitutional monarchy was considered the most enlightened.
They had a king, but he did not have absolute power.
The British Colonies in North America were being taxed by Britain without any representation. (Other restrictions too.)

29. American Revolution Colonies had already become self-governed.
Colonies declared independence and became a republic.

30. Baroque Art A strong sense of movement and energy
Striking use of chiaroscuro---light and shadow contrast
Intense, luminous color
Naturalism---depiction based upon observation of reality, not idealized types