1. To Know from Heinrichs (2017)
Cicero’s 5 canons of persuasion
Invention - 3 things to plan
Enthymeme
Arrangement - Order of Eth/Log/Path
Exordium
Reluctant Conclusion
Style – 5 virtues
Memory
Delivery (actio)
Demonstrative oratory rhetoric
how differs from deliberative

2. Cicero’s Canons: Invention “discover available means of persuasion” (Aristotle, 1982)
attitude/belief/behavior?
past (law/order) or present (values) or future (choices)?
Simple or complex?
Base enthymeme on this (Aristotle)
Cicero (1959)

3. Cicero’s Canons: Arrangement (Cicero, 1942)
Ethos
Logos
Narration -
Division -
Proof -
Refutation -
Pathos
Reluctant conclusion -

4. Cicero’s Canons: Style “endows thy purposes with words that make them known” (Shakespeare)
Virtues of Style (Cicero, 1942)
Proper language
Clarity
Vividness (enargeia)
Decorum
Ornament

5. Cicero’s Canons: Memory “treasure-house of the ideas supplied by invention” (Cicero, 1942)
Mnemonic devices
Memory houses/villas

6. Cicero’s Canons: Delivery (Cicero, 1942)
Body
Bulwer’s Chironomia
Voice
Volume, stability, flexibility
Rhythm/cadence
Breath (impromptu & use Period)

7. Demonstrative Rhetoric (from Heinrichs, 2017)
Use for values (good/bad, right/wrong)
Present tense

8. Refutative Design Best w/ Demonstrative tactic: Make complex simple
Balance figures -
Interrupt self -
Connect unalikes with alliteration -
Emphasize one-word thing -
Identify key issues in oppos., systematically disprove
For each main pt.,
State
Limit main points

9. Problem-(Cause)-Solution
Best w/ topics on
Demonstrative tactics:
enargeia, ramp up drama
Channel others’ ethos
Switch to future tense at end
Identify problem
Identify Solution
Who/How will solution ?
to participate in solution?
If familiar topic, most time on
If unfamiliar topic, most time on
Typically,

10. Need-Plan Introduce Need or Present Deficiency Describe Develop arg.
Best with topics on
Demonstrative tactics:
Bring “tribe” together
Flatter (to go into deliberative choice)
Switch to future tense & describe outcome as dream
Variation of P-C-S
Introduce Need or Present Deficiency
Describe
Develop arg.
Identify Plan to meet need
plan meets need/solve defic.
Compare to past Plans used for this need

11. Motivated Sequence Best ww/ topics on individual’s
Demonstrative tactics:
Make problem “identity rhetoric”
Use periods?
Say Problem & why people need to fix
Say specific Solution/Plan to fix Problem
Say How Plan would affect Problem (enargeia!!!)
Help audience visualize
Appeal to audience (in conclusion) for

12. Pro/Con – Compare/Contrast
Best w/topics
Options for addressing:
time:
Back & forth btwn two, always end with yours
All of , then all
Try to keep to