1. Chapter 7 Memory The 3-3’s of Memory 3 Kinds of Memory
Memory—the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved.
The 3-3’s of Memory
3 Kinds of Memory
3 Processes of Memory
3 Stages of Memory

2. Section 1 The Three Kinds of Memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Implicit memory

3. Episodic Memory The memory of a specific event.
Flashbulb memories-clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

4. Semantic Memory A Memory of general knowledge and information
Usually do not remember when information was acquired.

5. Implicit Memory
A memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned.
Ex. Riding a bike
Throwing ball
Stays with you for a very long time

6. The Three Processes of Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

7. Encoding Translating for storage
First stage of processing information.
Received in physical form
Stimulation is converted into mental representations.
To do so, we use different types of codes: Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic.

8. Visual Codes
Involves forming a mental picture in your mind.

9. Acoustic Codes
Read the information to yourself and repeat it several times.
Visual vs. Acoustic?

10. Semantic Codes OTTFFSSENT “relating to Meaning”
Trying to make sense of the information.
Semantic codes help memorize lists of letters and other items more easily.
OTTFFSSENT

11. Storage The maintenance of encoding information over time.
People who want to store new information in their memory use a variety of strategies.

12. Storage Strategies Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal
Organizational Systems
Filing Errors?

13. Retrieval
Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness.
The process of recalling information from memory storage.
Some information is so familiar that it is readily available and almost impossible to forget.
The method of retrieval might be the same as the way information is encoded.

14. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Retrieval by Encoding
State-Dependent Memory
Context-Dependent Memories
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

15. The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory

16. The first stage of memory.
Sensory Memory
The first stage of memory.
Sensory Registers.
Iconic Memory
Eidetic Memory
Echoic Memory

17. Short-Term Memory
Memory that holds information briefly until it is stored or forgotten.
Short-Term Memory=Working Memory
Information in short-term memory begins to fade rapidly after several seconds.

18. Short-Term Vocab.
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Chunking
Interference

19. Long-Term Memory Large and relatively permanent Storage.
Maintenance rehearsal/elaborative rehearsal.
Capacity of Memory
Memory as Reconstructive
Schemas

20. Section 4 Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Basic Memory Tasks
Different Kinds of Forgetting
Repression
Amnesia
Improving Memory

21. Three basic memory tasks:
1. Recognition-
Example: Multiple choice
2. Recall-
Example: Short answer question
3. Relearning-
Example: spontaneous recovery

22. Different kinds of Forgetting
Interference-the process that occurs when new information disrupts what has been placed in memory.
Decay-the fading away of memory.
Both decay and interference are part of normal forgetting

23. Repression Freudian defense mechanism.
Forgetting on purpose at the unconscious level.
Pushing memory out of consciousness to protect ones self against the damaging affect of the memory.

24. Amnesia
Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, or repression.

25. Types of Amnesia Dissociate Amnesia Infantile Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia

26. Improving Memory Drill and Practice Form unusual Associations
Relate to things you already know
Form unusual Associations
Construct links
Mnemonic devices