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Reproductive Cycles in the Female

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1 Reproductive Cycles in the Female
Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cycles in the Female

2 Terminology Estrus is a noun. Estrous is an adjective.
The cow is displaying estrus. Estrous is an adjective. The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. Oestrus and Oestrous British and European spellings Estrus and Heat are synonymous

3 Terminology (cont.) Anestrus
When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.

4 Types of Cyclicity Polyestrus Queen Cow Sow Relative E2 J F M A S O N
D Queen Cow Sow

5 Types of Cyclicity Seasonally Polyestrus Long day breeders
(Spring) Short day breeders (Fall) Relative E2 J F M A S O N D Relative E2 J F M A S O N D

6 Type of Cyclicity Monoestrus Dog Wolf Bear Relative E2 J F M A S O N D

7 Average Reproductive Cycles
Species Length of Length of Ovulation Length of Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy cow days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus ewe days 29 hr near end 148 days seasonal (fall) estrus sow days hr hr 115 days polyestrus after start estrus mare days 4-8 days 3-6 day of 335 days seasonal (spring) estrus polyestrus (1-2 days before end of estrus)

8 Average Reproductive Cycles
Species Length of Length of Ovulation Length of Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy Bitch 6 months 9 days days 63 days after start of estrus Queen 17 days 9 days Induced 63 days

9 Variation in Cycle Types
Example Type of Follicular Ovulation & CL Cycle Development CL Formation Function Cow, ewe, Long Spontaneous Spontaneous Spontaneous sow, mare rats, mice, Short Spontaneous Spontaneous Induced hamsters (4 days) (prolactin) rabbit, cat, Induced Spontaneous Induced Induced mink, ferret, (LH surge) otter, alpaca

10 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

11 Phases of the Estrous Cycle
Follicular Phase Luteal Phase

12 Follicular Phase CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

13 Luteal Phase Luteal Phase
CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol Luteal Phase Luteal Phase FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

14 Stages of the Estrous Cycle
Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

15 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

16 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

17 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

18 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

19 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF a Estradiol FSH LH
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 LH FSH PGF a Estradiol Progesterone Metestrus Diestrus Proestrus Estrus CL Ovulation

20 Follicular Phase Proestrus Preovulatory follicle enlarges
estrogen increases vascularity of the female reproductive tract increases endometrial glands begin to grow estrogen levels peak

21 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

22 Follicular Phase Estrus allows male to mount estrogen decreases
LH surge occurs ovulation hr after surge of LH uterine motility high with contractions moving toward oviduct sperm transport is optimal cervical mucus volume increases

23 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

24 Luteal Phase Luteal Phase Metestrus estrogen low ovulation in cow
corpus hemorrhagicum present uterus contractions subside endometrial glands continue to grow and become coiled in cattle bleeding occurs FSH increases triggering growth of follicles

25 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

26 Luteal Phase Luteal Phase Diestrus progesterone high FSH
Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle Uterus secrets fluid but volume gradually decreases contraction stop CL regresses at the end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release

27 Characteristics of Estrous Cycles
Cow Ewe Sow Mare Estrous cycle (days) Proestrus (days) Estrus hr hr hr 4-8 days Metestrus (days) Diestrus (days)

28 Hormonal Changes in the Bitch
Estrus Proestrus Anestrus Progesterone LH Ovulation E2 FSH -20 10 20 Days

29 Heat 20 day Metestrus I Metestrus II 70 days Progesterone Parturition E2 Prolactin -20 20 40 60 80 Day of Metestrus

30 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Estrus (9 days) E2 E2 P4 P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

31 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Estrus E2 E2 P4 Proestrus (8 days) P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

32 Hormonal Changes in the Queen
Queen in Estrus (no mating) Mating Estrus Parturition Pregnancy Lactation E2 E2 P4 Proestrus P4 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks

33 Causes of Anestrus Presence of Offspring Pregnancy Season Pathology
Nutrition Stress

34 Gestational Anestrus

35 Gestational Anestrus Progesterone during pregnancy
negative feedback After parturition anestrus continues progesterone exposure during pregnancy hypothalamus Lacks estradiol positive feedback allows time for uterine involution

36 Seasonal Anestrus Horses are long day breeders!

37 Sheep are short day breeders!

38 Estradiol

39 Decreased Negative Feedback
increases Decreased Negative Feedback

40 Estradiol

41 Seasonal Anestrus just like entering puberty silent ovulation

42 + +

43 Silent Ovulation Anestrus Estrus
Brain (hypothalamus) must be primed with Progesterone To Express Estrus in Response to Estrogen

44 Lactational Anestrus

45 Suckling Effect on LH

46

47 Lactational Anestrus Suckling Other offspring factors Prolactin
visual encounter olfactory encounter auditory encounter Prolactin inhibits GnRH release major infertility problem in women who are not lactating

48 Nutritional Anestrus

49 Menstrual Cycle

50 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Corpus Albicans Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Recruitment Recruitment Dominance Selection Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

51 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Menses 5 days Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

52 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Follicular Phase Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary 9 days Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

53 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Luteal Phase 14 days Anterior Pituitary Hormones LH FSH Progesterone Ovarian Hormones Estradiol Ovulation Follicle Corpus Luteum Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

54 Variation in Menstrual Cycle Length
25-day cycle Menses Foll. Phase Luteal Phase 5 days 6 days 14 days 28-day cycle Menses Luteal Phase Foll. Phase 5 days 9 days 14 days 35-day cycle Menses Foll. Phase Luteal Phase 5 days 16 days 14 days Ovulation Breast Tenderness

55 Menstural Cycle Length
AGE Length year olds days 30 year olds days 35 year olds days Variation More in teenagers Less in women in peak reproductive years

56 Lactating (for 24 months)
Influence of Lactation on Postpartum Menstrual Cycles (US and UK, 1987) Not Lactating 50% cycling by 8 months 90% cycling by 12 months Lactating (for 24 months) 30% cycling by 12 months 70% cycling by 24 months

57 Concept Tutor

58 Rest are extra slides not normally used

59

60 CL Ovulation CA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

61 CL Ovulation CA Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

62 CL Ovulation CA Progesterone PGF 2 a Estradiol FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7 Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge Diestrus Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus

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