1. Chapter 20 The Eighteenth & Nineteenth Centuries
Three events mark the beginning of the Modern Age:
: Beginning of Industrial Revolution in Britain
: American Revolution
: French Revolution
Late 18th century is referred to as the Age of Reason or the Age of Enlightenment

2. Characteristics of the Age of Reason
More rational and scientific approach to religious, political, social and economic issues
Democracy and secular concerns are emphasized
Liberty, self-determination & the idea of progress are embraced
Growing influence of the early versions of the camera (daguerreotype introduced in 1839)

3. Realism
Mid to late 19th century, artists moved away from idealizing & romanticizing the world around them
A style of art and literature that depicted ordinary existence without nostalgia or glorification
Art should deal with human experience and observation
Major artists were Gustave Courbet and Honore Daumier and Rosa Bonheur

4. 1855 “Pavillion of Realism” at the Universal Exposition
“Painting is an essentially concrete art and can only consist of the presentation of real and existing things.”
1855 “Pavillion of Realism” at the Universal Exposition
Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. RMN Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 10 ft 3 ½ in. x 21 ft. 9 in.
Title: Burial at Ornans
Artist: Gustave Courbet
Date: 1849

5. Title: Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism
Artist: Honoré Daumier
Date: 1855
Source/Museum: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a

7. Rosa Bonheur was one of few female artists; highly successful as landscape painter
Commissioned in response to French Revolution of 1848; painters must represent the reality of their time and place
Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Gerard Blot/Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 5 ft. 9 in. x 8 ft. 8 in.
Title: Plowing in the Nivernais
Artist: Rosa Bonheur
Date: 1849

8. Edouard Manet serves as the “bridge” from Realism to the next style of art, Impressionism
Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, ft x 10ft

9. Charles Baudelaire’s writings reflected artistic intent among Realists.
“Il faut etre de son temps” (It’s necessary to be of one’s own time.)
The role of painting was to reflect Modern life- not the past, but the present

10. Edouard Manet breaks from tradition by abandoning the use of glazing, applying paint in a more abstract manner and by abandoning a strict use of linear perspective
The male figures represent the new bourgeois class and life in 19th century Paris
Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, ft x 10ft

11. Marcantonio Raimondi. The Judgment of Paris (detail). c. 1488–1530.
Luncheon on the Grass is based on this composition, originally created by Raphael
Manet did embrace, respect Masters from the past and wanted to reconcile tradition with a new style of art
Marcantonio Raimondi. The Judgment of Paris (detail). c. 1488–1530.
Clipped impression, Plate line 11 5⁄8 x 17 1⁄4 in.
After Raphael’s composition

12. Edouard Manet
Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. RMN Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY. © 2007 Edouard Manet/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 51 x 74 ¾ in.
Title: Olympia
Artist: Edouard Manet
Date: 1863

13. Impressionism Peaked between 1870 and 1880
Favored visual and formal issues over telling a story
First painters to work outdoors (plein aire)
Selected specific subject matter that reflected leisure activities of middle class (bourgeois)
Sought to capture atmospheric effects of light and color
Major artists included: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, August Renoir, and Berthe Morisot

14. Exhibited as a group in April 1874
Wet on
Wet painting technique
Reflect spontaneity of Impressionismlike a snapshot
Title: Impression-Sunrise
Artist: Claude Monet
Date: 1872
Source/Museum: Musée Marmottan, Paris. Bridgeman Art Library, International Ltd.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 19 ½ x 25 ½ in.

15. Degas uses implied lines and diagonals as well as areas of contrast to compose his image
His greater interest is in these formal elements rather than his subject
Title: The Glass of Absinthe
Artist: Edgar Degas
Date: 1876
Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Scala/Art Resource, NY.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 36 x 27 in.

16. Title: La Moulin de la Galette
Artist: Auguste Renoir
Date: 1876
Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. © Bridgeman-GiraudonArt Resource, NY.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 51 ½ x 69 in.

17. Independents Exhibition of 1874
Title: Reading
Artist: Berthe Morisot
Date: 1873
Source/Museum: © 1999 The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund,
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 17 ¾ x 28 ½ in.

18. Post Impressionism Brief period after 1880
Artists were influenced by Impressionists’ ideas, but sought to give greater symbolic form to their feelings; they distorted visual elements such as color, to achieve a more expressive and personal style of painting
Artists included Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, George Seurat and Paul Gauguin

19. Source/Museum: Art Institute of Chicago
Source/Museum: Art Institute of Chicago. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection, Photo © 2007 Art Institute of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 26 ⅞ x 36 1/8 in.
Title: The Day of the God (Mehana no Atual)
Artist: Paul Gauguin
Date: 1894

20. Subject matter represents “lower” class, beneath Bourgeois
Abandon’s traditional technique of glazing and uses “new” technique for applying paint, pointillism
Subject matter represents “lower” class, beneath Bourgeois
Source/Museum: The National Gallery, London. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 79 ½ x 118 ½ in.
Title: The Bathers
Artist: Georges Seurat
Date:

21. Van Gogh was self taught
Uses color and line in a highly personally expressive manner
Highly abstract image to symbolize inner feelings
Source/Museum: The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Photo © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 29 x 36 ¼ in.
Title: The Starry Night
Artist: Vincent van Gogh
Date: 1889

22. Night Café, 1888 oil on canvas 28x36” Yale University Art Gallery

23. No use of linear perspective
Cezanne more interested in “formal” issues of painting, especially application of paint and balance of warm and cool colors
No use of linear perspective
Rhythmic brushstrokes give painting sense of structure and abstract form
Source/Museum: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Gift of Adele R. Levy Fund, Inc., and Mr. and Mrs. Armand S. Deutsch, M Photo © 2005 Museum Associates/LACMA.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 19 ¾ x 24 in.
Title: Still Life with Cherries and Peaches
Artist: Paul Cézanne
Date:

24. Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H. O
Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H. O. Havemeyer Collection. Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 ( ). Photo © 1984 Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 25 ¾ x 32 1/8 in.
Title: Mont Sainte-Victoire, and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley
Artist: Paul Cézanne
Date:

25. Source/Museum: Philadelphia Museum of Art. Purchased with the W. P
Source/Museum: Philadelphia Museum of Art. Purchased with the W. P. Wilstach Fund, W
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 82 x 99 in.
Title: The Large Bathers
Artist: Paul Cézanne
Date: 1906

26. PAUL CÉZANNE French, 1839 - 1906 Madame Cézanne in Blue 1888–90 Oil on canvas 29 3/16 x 24 inches