1. Warm up: Unit 1 Vocab Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration
Bessemer Process
Social Darwinism
Corporation

2. 1880-1921 23 million+ immigrants arrived in the U
million+ immigrants arrived in the U.S looking for jobs, opportunities
US didn’t have quotas on how many immigrants from a particular country could enter the US
From 1880 to 1921, a record setting 23 million immigrants arrived in the USA. At the time,.
From the colonial era to 1880, most immigrants to America came from England, Ireland, or Germany in Northern Europe. Between 1880 and 1921, approximately 70% of all immigrants entering the USA came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Poland).
These “new immigrants” were typically young, male, and either Catholic or Jewish. Most spoke little or no English. The majority were unskilled agricultural laborers with little money or education.

3. Most immigrant groups that had formerly come to America by choice seemed distinct, but in fact had many similarities. Most had come from Northern and Western Europe. Most had some experience with representative democracy. With the exception of the Irish, most were Protestant. Many were literate, and some possessed a fair degree of wealth.

4. 1880-1921:70% of immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe
“New immigrants” were typically young, male, Catholic/Jewish, spoke little or no English
:70% of immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe
Majority were unskilled agricultural laborers with little money/education
From the colonial era to 1880, most immigrants came from England, Ireland, or Germany in Northern Europe
In 1900, 14 percent of the American population was foreign born, compared to 8 percent a century later. 

5. 75% of all immigrants entered the US through Ellis Island
Immigrants had to pass a physical exam
Immigrants questioned to make sure that they were not criminals, could work, & had some money
The processing of immigrants on Ellis Island was an ordeal that might take five hours or more. First, they.
Those who passed the medical exam then reported to a government inspector. The

6. Many Americans expressed nativism and viewed immigrants with a sense of fear, suspicion, & hostility
Many Americans accused immigrants of taking jobs away from “real” Americans & called for quotas
based on ethnicity, religion, political and social beliefs.

7. The Gilded Age experienced massive urbanization
% of Americans lived in cities
% of Americans lived in cities
City growth was due to rural Americans moving to cities & immigrants entering the USA

8. Cities expanded outward from industrial centers in the central business districts to a ring of outer suburbs
As cities grew larger, trolley lines, elevated rail lines, subways were created
Engineering innovations, such as expansive bridges and skyscrapers, led to modern American cities

9. Most American cities were not prepared for rapid growth
Many urban poor developed lung disease or tuberculosis
Most urban immigrants lived in tenements: low rent apartments built in the slums
Dumbell floor plan; Half of Manhattan’s fires were in tenement buildings.
ive to nine people lived in a single room which was as big as an apartment.
About 60% of immigrant babies died before their first birthday

10. About 2/3 of immigrants settled in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called enclaves
Enclaves provided new immigrants with a sense of community and security.
as the immigrants were surrounded by the familiar customs, food and language of their homeland

11. Majority of immigrants worked in industrial jobs
Most immigrants were unskilled & willing to accept almost any job, no matter how un-attractive or low paying
Average salary was 10 cents/hour and hours per day in dangerous & unsanitary conditions
Industries were rapidly growing and in need of cheap workers
Factories were not the best places to work. The only light present was the sunlight that came through the windows. Machines spit out smoke and in some factories, workers came out covered in black soot by the end of the day. There were a plethora of machines with not many safety precautions. This resulted in many accidents. The workers only received a break for lunch and a break for dinner.  Children were paid less than 10 cents an hour for fourteen hour days of work. They were used for simpler, unskilled jobs. Many children had physical deformities because of the lack of exercise and sunlight. 

12. Around 1.75 million children joined the work force in the Gilded Age
Children (ages ) worked up to 15 hours a day
Very common in mining because their small size worked well in cramped spaces

13. Middle-class Americans actually saw their work time decrease
Many middle-class Americans enjoyed amusement parks, bicycling, vaudeville theater (variety shows), and sports such as baseball and boxing
As industrialization occurred, the middle class emerged. The middle class, skilled workers, managers, clerks, accountants, and others, had the money they needed to survive, and had money left over for other leisure goods. This extra money enabled them to live comfortably