1. The World’s Geography
Chapter 1

2. Chapter 1 Key Terms theory weathering erosion Latitude Longitude
Irrigation
Desertification
migration
deposition
Tidal wave
Tributary
River system
Climate
Temperate
Tropic
urbanization

3. Essential Questions
How does the Earth’s geography affect how and where people live?
How do people modify their physical surroundings or adapt to their environment?
How can we use maps to better understand the Earth and the people who live there?

4. Earth’s Landforms Earth’s landforms were formed in different ways.
Landforms came into being through forces of nature.

5. How Landforms Came to Be
Theory: a possible explanation
Plate tectonics theory
Earth is made of several “slabs” (slow-moving plates)
As the plates move, so too do the sections of continents and ocean floors
Pangaea (pan-jee-uh)
Experts believe that at one time, the Earth was one big “super-continent”

7. Continental drift: continual movement of plates to break apart continents.
When plates push together they create mountains
Movement of plates sometimes make the Earth shake.

8. Earthquakes Happen along faults…
What is a fault? A crack on the Earth’s crust along which movement occurs.
When plates move and push together, their edges may crumple and fold creating mountains. Mountains also may form when 2 plates collide and overlap.

9. Volcanoes Add Land
When rock melts, it produces gases. The gases mix with the magma, causing it to rise to Earth’s surface through cracks in the crust.
Magma: molten rock
Lava: magma that reaches Earth’s surface.

10. Mauna Loa Earth’s largest volcano…. HAWAII
Tamu Massif, it the world’s largest underwater volcano.

12. Weathering Definition: wearing away of rock.
Moving water breaks down rocks and weathers away riverbanks and sea cliffs.

13. People Change the Land Draining wetland Building new waterways
Building dams

14. Erosion: is the carrying away of land by forces of nature (wind, water, or glaciers)
The building up of this land is called deposition.

15. Earth’s Bodies of Water
Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth’s surface.
Without water, there would be no life…no people, plants and animals.

16. Which continents are bordered by the Indian Ocean?

17. Vocabulary Trench: the deepest ocean valley
Currents: streams of ocean water
Tidal waves: giant waves exceeding 100 ft.
Tides: regular, rhythmic rise and fall of the oceans

18. The Ocean Floor and Landforms
Q: How is the ocean floor like the land on Earth’s continents?
A: It has many of the same physical features, such as mountains, plains, basins and valleys.

19. The Water Cycle Replenishing of the Earth’s supply of fresh water.
Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate—forming water vapor
Clouds are formed from water vapor
Precipitation falls
Some water from precipitation flows across the land
Some water from precipitation soaks into the ground, some is absorbed by the roots of plants and some flows into lakes, rivers, and oceans.

21. What is the importance of rivers and streams to culture?
Streams and Rivers
What is the importance of rivers and streams to culture?
Tributaries: smaller streams that join rivers
River System = rivers + tributaries
Drainage Basin: the land area drained by a river system

22. Rivers of the World

23. Rivers and People
Many of the world’s first human settlements were along the fertile banks of rivers.
- drinking water
- transportation of goods
- energy
Present-day cities are located by them

24. Lakes Greek word for hole.
North America has the largest number of lakes.
Glaciers carved huge holes in the Earth and when they melted formed lakes.
Rainwater also creates lakes.
Reservoir: A lake that forms behind a human-made dam
Can you name some lakes?

25. Lakes Lake Baikal Lake Victoria Lake Malawi Lake Tanganyika
Great Lakes
Dead Sea
Caspian See
Sea of Galilee

26. Factors that Affect Climate
Distance from the Equator (latitude)
Temperate a climate that varies with the seasons (hot summer, cold winter)
The curve of Earth and its tilt on its axis affect the way the sun’s rays heat Earth’s surface. The closer a place’s latitude is to the equator, the more vertical rays it receives from the sun, making its climate warmer.

27. Factors that Affect Climate
Distance from oceans and other large bodies of water
Elevation: the height of the land in relation to sea level

28. Seasons
Earth’s orbit around the sun causes changes in the seasons—summer, autumn, winter, and spring
Places on Earth receive different amounts of sunlight and heat at different times of the year

30. Earth’s Major Climates
Tropical: warm all year, lots of precipitation
Desert: arid, can be hot or cold
Temperate Warm: affected by coasts, generally damp and warm
Temperate Cool: affected by land, warm and cold, lots of rain
Polar: brrrrrrrrrr
Highland: undefined

32. Climate: kind of weather a place has over time
Temperate: neither hot nor very cold.
Tropic: an area of Earth at or near the Equator

33. Population and Settlement
There are different factors that affect where people live.
Climate
Vegetation
Land
Water
Pull Factors
Push Factors

34. 1. Climate 2. Vegetation 3. Land 4. Water
More people live in temperate climates
2. Vegetation
People tend to live where crops and vegetation grow easily
Sometimes, people use irrigation to carry water to dry places.
3. Land
People avoid rugged, mountainous land
4. Water
People live near water supplies

35. 5. Pull factors 6. Push factors
People are drawn to places where they can earn a living more easily
6. Push factors
People move away from places where they cannot find work and where they experience drought, war, unemployment, food shortage, and famine.

36. Desertification: the change of fertile land into desert
Desertification: the change of fertile land into desert. This can be caused by overgrazing, over farming, or over logging. Urbanization: the movement of people from the countryside to the cities. **
the world’s largest metropolitan city is Tokyo, Japan with 31.4 million people!