1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. Nuclear Chemistry
The study of changes that occur in the nucleus of an ATOM!!!
Radioactivity - the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and/or energy (also called nuclear decay)
During "nuclear decay", an atom of one element can change into an atom of a different element.

3. Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Reactions: a nucleus loses or gains protons and neutrons.
Why do some nuclei undergo radioactive decay?
They are too big (too many protons)! - All elements with atomic numbers of 84 or higher are radioactive!
There are too many neutrons compared to protons.

4. Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Occur when bonds are broken
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays

5. Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Occur when bonds are broken
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays
Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged
Atoms often converted into atoms of another element

6. Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Occur when bonds are broken
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays
Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged
Atoms often converted into atoms of another element
Involve only valence electrons
May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons

7. Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Occur when bonds are broken
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays
Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged
Atoms often converted into atoms of another element
Involve only valence electrons
May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons
Associated with small energy changes
Associated with large energy changes

8. Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Occur when bonds are broken
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays
Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged
Atoms often converted into atoms of another element
Involve only valence electrons
May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons
Associated with small energy changes
Associated with large energy changes
Reaction rate influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.
Reaction rate is not influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.

9. Radioactivity
An unstable atomic nucleus emits a form of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) to become stable.
In other words, the nucleus decays into a different atom.

10. Alpha (α) Decay Alpha particle: helium nucleus = He
Alpha (α) Decay: Nucleus releases an alpha particle.
Alpha particle: helium nucleus = He
Positively charged
Lowest energy radiation.
Massive but slow-moving particle. Short range.
Can be stopped by a sheet of paper or skin.
Reduces mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2.
A new element is created (transmutation) because the atomic number changed. 42

11. Alpha (α) Decay

12. Beta (β) Decay
Beta (β) Decay: A neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an electron. The electron is created INSIDE the nucleus and is emitted as a beta particle.
Beta particle = a fast moving electron sent shooting out of nucleus
Negative charge
Can be stopped by aluminum foil or a piece of wood.
Increases the atomic number by 1 and does not change the mass number.
A new element is created (transmutation) because the atomic number changed.

13. Beta (β) Decay

14. Gamma (γ) Decay
Gamma (γ) Decay: A gamma ray (high energy electromagnetic wave) is released from the nucleus.
Highest energy radiation. (like light but too fast to see)
Most dangerous.
Can be stopped by several cm of lead or several meters of concrete.
The nucleus goes from an excited state to a normal (unexcited) state.
Almost always occurs with alpha or beta decay.
Does not change mass number or atomic number.
No new element is created

16. Which has the most energy?

18. Least; stopped by paper, skin, or clothing
Type of Radiation
Alpha Particle
Beta Particle
Gamma Ray
Penetration:
Least; stopped by paper, skin, or clothing
Middle; Wood or Aluminum foil
Most; lead or concrete
Charge:
Positive
Negative
None
Composition:
2 protons;
2 neutrons
1 electron;
1 proton
Ray of energy
Reactant Isotope:
Reduces mass by 4, Atomic # by 2
1 proton more, 1 neutron fewer
Energy decreases
Symbol:
Complete Chp 10.1

19. Fission and Fusion Fission- splitting of atomic nuclei.
Tons of energy produced from a small mass
A small amount of the original mass is converted into a lot of energy
Fission can result in a chain reaction.
Neutrons released from the first reaction can trigger another reaction, and so on – similar to a rumor spreading.
For a chain reaction to happen, each split nucleus must produce at least one neutron with enough energy to split another nucleus
Fusion- combining atomic nuclei.
Requires very high temperatures.
Produces more energy than Fission.
Naturally occurs in stars.

20. Fission vs. Fusion Nukes
*Contains Graphic Images*

21. Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fission: A large nucleus is split into two or more nuclei.
A neutron is sent into a uranium nucleus. The U nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei and three neutrons are released to hit other U nuclei.
Nuclear chain reaction: continuous series of fission reactions
Lots of energy released.
Atom bomb = uncontrolled fission reaction.
Nuclear power plants use controlled fission reactions to make electricity.
Generate about 20% of the electricity in the U.S.

22. Fission Chain Reaction

23. Nuclear Energy
Alternative energy sources may one day replace fossil fuels such as coal & oil.
Nuclear energy is the energy released by nuclear reactions.
Nuclear power plants don’t emit air pollution!

27. Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion: Two or more small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.
Occurs on the sun and other stars (not on Earth!).
Produces enormous amounts of energy
Why can’t we use this energy as a source of electricity???
To start a fusion reaction, temperature must be 200 million Kelvin (360 million degrees Fahrenheit).
Difficult to initiate and contain this reaction due to high temperature required.

28. Uncontrolled Reactions – Hydrogen Bombs

29. Fission vs Fusion Fission Fusion
Splitting of an atom into 2 smaller atoms
Combing of 2 or more atoms into a larger atom
Doesn’t normally occur in nature
Occurs in stars, like the sun
Critical mass is required
High temperatures & plasma are required
Energy is released
Energy released is 4x greater than fission
Used in nuclear power plants & generate electricity
Not used as a source of energy (yet)

30. Problems with Nuclear energy
Fission
The products of fission reactions are often also radioactive.  used fuel rods must be stored in shielded containers away from ground water… forever…
Fusion
Produces very fast-moving neutrons. Shielding material in the reactor would have to be replaced periodically.

31. More problems Workers could be exposed to radiation
Radioisotopes with half-lives of hundreds or thousands of years are produced.
Radioactive waste must be isolated and stored so it can’t harm people or contaminate the environment.
Loss of control of reactor –meltdown (Chernobyl)

32. Half-Life
Radioactive Half-Life : the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms to undergo decay.
Use: dating fossils (carbon-14 dating), geological formations and human artifacts
Example Half Lives:
Potassium-40: Half-life = 1.25 years
Carbon-14: Half-life = 5739 years
Uranium-238: Half-life = 4.5 billion years
Rubidium-87: Half-life = 48 billion years

33. Uses of Nuclear Radiation
Dating Fossils
Smoke Detectors
Contain Americium which gives off alpha particles – producing a current. Smoke interrupts the current.
Detection of Diseases
Radioactive tracers
Radiation Therapy for Cancer

34. Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Background radiation – nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment
Examples – radioisotopes in air, water, rocks, plants and animals
Nuclear radiation can ionize atoms, so it can damage the cells and tissues of your body
Bonds holding proteins and DNA may be broken
Examples
Alpha particles: radon gas (can be inhaled and causes lung cancer)
Beta particles can damage tissues more than alpha particles
Gamma rays can expose all organs to ionization damage

39. https://www. youtube. com/watch

40. Why is radiation dangerous?
Alpha and Beta particles are charged.
They can ionize, or change the number of electrons in the atoms in your body.
Gamma Rays are energy (not charged).
They can give enough energy to the electrons in atoms to allow them to escape the atom (leaving an ion behind).

41. How much radiation have you been exposed to?
Have you ever….
Traveled in an airplane?
Gone through luggage inspection at the airport?
Smoked?
Watched TV?
Sat in front of a computer screen?
Been near a smoke detector?
Had an x-ray?
Lived within 50 miles of a nuclear power plant?
Most organisms are adapted to survive low levels of background radiation.

42. Radiation in our lives Background radiation cosmic rays in atmosphere
radon from granite rock (lung cancer)
Foods
bananas, Brazil nuts
Medical exposure
x-ray
Cancer treatment (Cobalt-60)
Detecting art forgeries
Analyzing gunpowder residue
Agricultural research, diagnose disease
Smoke detectors (Americium-241)