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Workshop 2 Planning for Active Citizenship and Social Inclusion
Participation in Planning: Moving from Exchange to Consultation to Partnership Sharon Cosgrove 29 November 2006
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Format Combat Poverty past and present: Participation in planning:
The role and work of Combat Poverty in this area The approach to participation programmes Participation in planning: The opportunities to participate Different levels of participation in planning and issues for socially excluded communities in planinng Some conclusions
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Combat Poverty - past Combat Poverty Act 1986 EU Poverty Programmes
Grant Schemes – working against poverty grants Was the national suport agency for the Community Development Programme National Anti-Poverty Networks - initiated, funded and supported
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Combat Poverty - present
Mainstream anti-poverty programmes with strengthened role of public bodies in addressing social inclusion Combat Poverty administers small funding initiatives, pilots/tests programmes which address poverty in areas like local government and health Community development approaches are promoted as a way that people in poverty can participate, to develop their skills and working collectively Based on the premise that policies are better informed and likely to be more effective if people in poverty are involved in their design and implementation
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Overall Approach to Participation Programmes
Community development approaches are promoted as a way that people in poverty can participate, to develop their skills and working collectively Based on the premise that policies are better informed and likely to be more effective if people in poverty are involved in their design and implementation
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Challenges for Citizen Participation in Planning
The dependent link between community development/capacity building and participation in decision making structures The voice of the excluded not strong in democratic representation in planning decisions Local government participative structures strong on community participation, but weak in participation of excluded groups
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Degree of citizen control
Manipulation Non-participative, aimed at educating the participants. The job of participation is to achieve public support for the authority’s plans. Therapy Non-participation A first step to participation, but with the emphasis on a one-way flow of information. No channel for feedback Informing Attitude surveys, neighbourhood meetings and public enquiries – Arnstein believes this to be window dressing Consultation Through, for example co-option of local people onto committees. It allows citizens to advise or plan, but retains for power-holders the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility of the advice Placation Degree of tokenism Power is redistributed through negotiation between citizens and power-holders. Planning and decision making responsibilities are shared – e.g. through joint committees Partnership Citizen’s hold a clear majority of seats on committees with delegated powers to make decisions. The public now has the power to assure accountability of the programme to them. Delegated power Local people handle the entire job of planning, policy making and managing, with no intermediaries between them and the source of funds Citizen control Degree of citizen control The Ladder
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The Spectrum of Community Engagement
Information Research Consultation Participation Delegation Higher numbers involved Lower numbers involved Lower intensity Higher intensity
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Participation Techniques
Interactive Websites, Citizens' Juries, Vision Exercises, Various Forums. Exchange Complaints/Suggestion Schemes, Service Satisfaction Surveys, Citizens' Panels, Advisory Referendums, Co-option, Focus Groups. Learning Consultation Documents, Media Coverage, Exhibitions, Public Meetings, Question and Answer Sessions. Information Participation Technique Purpose
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Levels of Participation in the Planning Process
The development management system - planning applications Development plan process Local area plan process Participatory planning approaches to infrastructure development Participation in decision making structures
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Level 1: The development management system - planning applications
Planning application – notice on site, advert in press 5 weeks to make a submission in writing - €20 fee After decision can appeal in writing €100 fee – if you have already been involved Issues for excluded groups include Literacy level, income level, transport, time…
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Level 2 Development Plan
South Dublin County Council – case study
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SDCC - at Pre Draft Stage
At pre-draft plan Facilitated meetings Posters Database Electoral areas targeted Councillors invited Call for written submissions Better turn out in better off areas Managers report – special meeting - motions
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SDCC - at Proposed Draft Plan Stage
Consultation meetings – linked with Partnerships and local groups Special meetings with target groups – interpreters and sign language (ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, young people and Travellers) Written submissions Video done with voice over Managers Report & Special meetings with Councillors and more motions
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SDCC - Final Stages Produce report on how plan to be amended
To councillors On display – groups and individuals consulted written to On web-site Submissions on the proposed amendments to the plan Report to Councillors & special meeting The Plan is Made!
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Level 2: The Development Plan Process
Legislation – at pre-draft stage shall hold public meetings and written submissions Opportunities for input as citizen, as member of particular target group, as a constituent Timescale limits more inclusive approach to Development Plan Good information and consultation process Participation in decision making & partnership limited
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Level 3: Local Area Plan Process
These arise out of the Development Plan Planning studies on particular areas – Local Area Plans and Master Plans for particular areas Example: Tallaght Town Centre High development stakes Polarised – residents and developers Opportunities for more participation But local authorities mainly doing public meetings and facilitated meetings Possible – Planning for Real, Visioning Exercises
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Level 4: Participatory planning approaches to infrastructure development
Howth Transport Plan, regeneration plans in UK Midlands – Participatory Planning Appraisal Visioning – Cork County local area plans Citizen Juries – technical Ballymun Regeneration – Planning for Real
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Planning for Real in Jobstown
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Citizens Jury
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On complex technical or policy issues issues?
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Citizens Jury
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Main Ingredients of a Citizens Jury
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Examples of Citizens Juries
Ballymun on anti-social behaviour Hertfordshire - jury on waste disposal, 1996 Gateshead and St Albans -two juries on GM crops,2003 Andhra Pradesh (India) - jury on rural development, 2001 Newcastle - DIY jury on older people, health technologies and falls, 2002
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PRA in Clondalkin
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Level 5: Participation in decision making structures
Planning Strategic Policy Committee – participation of NGOs and citizens (through Community Fora) Homeless forum in cities and counties – NGOs County Childcare Committees – input into investment in childcare infrastructure – community fora and childcare providers Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committees – deciding on 5 year accommodation plan Issues for excluded groups – representativeness, literacy, social care, balance of power, capacity to engage
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Conclusions Range of opportunities for active citizenship and for involvement of excluded groups But development planning process limited – need to link to existing participative structures and revising timescale.. Participative and partnership approaches possible in infrastructure planning Need for targeting excluded groups, linking to their representative groups and resourcing participation
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