1. Ungulates / Ruminants Zoology BHS

2. Types of Ungulates Ungulates are mammals that have hooves.
The number of toes makes a difference!
Cetartiodactyla (even toes)
Perrisoodactyla (odd toes)
Order Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Family: Tapiridae
Family:Rhinocerotidae
Order Cetartiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Family: Suidae
Family: Tayassuidae
Family: Hippopotamidae
Cetacea

3. Ruminants Herbivore mammals Eg. Cow, goat, giraffe, deer
Feed on plant - cellulose

5. The Ruminant Family Tree
Order: Cetartiodactyla
Family Tragulidae: mouse deer
Family Moschidae: Musk Deer
Family Cervidae: Deer family
Family Bovidae: Cow/bison
Family Antilocapridae: Antelope
Family Giraffidae: Giraffe

6. Characteristics Digests plant-based food by initially softening it
In the rumen
Regurgitating the semi-digested mass
known as cud, and chewing it again
"ruminating

7. Digestive System of Ruminants
Feed on plant – cellulose
Need cellulase to digest it
But ruminants do not produce cellulase
However their digestive system are specially adapted to carry out cellulose digestion

8. Ruminants.. Has a stomach with 4 chambers: 1. rumen 2. reticulum
3. omasum
4. abomasum
Carry out rumination – process of regurgitating food and rechewing it

9. The rumen is a fermentation vat
Consume grasses and shrubs built predominantly of cellulose
Ruminants produce large quantities of saliva
adult cows are in the range of 100 to 150 liters per day

12. Ruminants.. the saliva of a cow contains no salivary amylase
To digest the plant material, herbivores need to depend on the cellulase-secreting microorganism in its digestive system

13. Ruminants.. Rumen - first & largest compartment
- contain bacteria that produced cellulase for the cellulose digestion
- function as the fermentation chamber

16. Organisms in rumen

17. Ruminants.. Reticulum - also contains bacteria for digestion
- content of reticulum called cud
- regurgitation occurs
- has a ‘honeycomb’ wall

20. Ruminants.. Omasum - reswallowed cud will be sent here
- large particle are broken down by peristalsis
- water is removed

23. Ruminants.. Abomasum - true stomach of the ruminants
- gastric juice containing digestive enzymes
- HCl and pepsin

25. Flow of food in ruminant
chyme
abomasum
mouth
swallow
- H2O
omasum
oesophagus
swallow
curd
rumen
mouth
reticulum
fermentation
regurgitation

27. reticulum
omasum
rumen
abomasum