1. Indo-European Family

2. Northern European Languages
English
German
Dutch
Danish
Mother
Mutter
Moeder
moder
Father
Vater
Vader
Fader
Brother
Bruder
Broeder
broder

3. Other Languages Latin Greek Irish Sanskrit Persian māter mētēr māthair
Mādar
pater
patēr
athair
pitŗ
pidar
frater
phrātēr
brāthair
bhrātŗ
birādar

4. Cause of Similarities Not explained by borrowing
Descendants of a single parent language, or proto-language
Does not exist in any recorded form
Became extinct before written records existed

6. Proto-Language Origins
It is believed that tribes settled near Crimea during the 5th through 3rd millennia B.C.
3500 B..C.
Successive waves moved westward and southward
As groups became isolated, language developed in different directions
Multiple branches occurred

7. Germanic (Teutonic) Where English comes from
Became divided into 3 groups
East: did not survive to modern times
North: Scandinavian countries
West: German, Dutch, Flemish, English

8. Italic Originally several Italic languages
Latin won out when Rome came to dominance
Descendants usually called Romance languages
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
Romanian

9. Hellenic Greek Descendant of
the Classical Greek of Plato and Aristotle
The common Greek dialect used to write the New Testament

10. Celtic 2000 years ago spoken throughout western Europe
France (Gaul), Spain, Great Britain
Latin replaced much of the Celtic language in its regions
Anglo-Saxon replaced in Britain
Descendants are Breton and Gaelic
Brittany, Ireland, Wales

11. Summary of Proto-Language
Due to common ancestor, they are called cognate languages
Indo-European only one of a number of language families throughout the world
The others have not been studied as much, and so do not have a universal consensus as to their origins

12. Development of English Language
Words are borrowed from other nations with whom we have frequent contact

13. Romano-Celtic Period 50 B.C. – A.D. 410 British Isles
People began arriving around 1000 B.C.
First foreign invaders were the Romans
Established control over southern and eastern islands

14. Extent of Roman Invasion
Did not conquer Ireland or Scotland

15. Old English 450 to 1066
3 closely related tribes speaking West Germanic moved in around 350
Movements of German tribes caused the Romans to retreat
Believed that Romano-British hired Germans to keep out the Picts (Scottish)
Were not paid, so they stayed and established the Kingdom of Kent
This invasion was followed by Saxon settlements
Essex (East Saxony)
Wessex (West Saxony)
Sussex (South Saxony
And the London area

16. Words from O.E.
Pronouns: I, we, you, he, it, the , this, that , who, what, mine, your, each, any
Comparisons: good, better, best, evil, worst
Conjugations: bid, bade, bidden; sing, sang, sung
Basic vocab: love, say, live, have, own, do, be, will, bury, name, reach, long, strong, high, quick, sun, food, hand, finger, friend, stone, earth

17. O.E. cont. Saxons were followed by the Angles
The name England comes from Angles Land
Literature from O.E. period
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
Beoowulf
“The Wanderer”
“The Seafarer”