1. Boundary & Boundary Dispute cases
Girish Rao
Dy. Director Land Records Pune Region Pune

2. Boundary Marks General Concept : -
Boundary marker/boundary stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of Land boundary
They are often used to mark critical points of boundaries between countries, States, Local administration and limits of private land holdings
Also used to mark property boundaries
Traditionally were made of stone.
Sometimes inscribed with relevant information.

3. Boundary Marks Definition :-
As per MLRC Sec. 2(3) “Boundary mark” means any erection, whether of earth, stone or other material and also any hedge unploughed ridge, or strip of ground, or other object whether natural or artificial, set up, employed or specified by the survey officer or revenue officer having authority in that behalf, in order to designate the boundary of any division of land.

4. Descriptions of boundary mark used in different surveys
Boundary Marks
Descriptions of boundary mark used in different
surveys
Boundary marks occupied pivotal position in erstwhile
revenue surveys.
The three major operations included under head of
survey where –
i. The Measurement of village land and preparation of
survey records
ii. The Construction of maps – Village, Taluka &
District
iii. The Demarcation of boundaries by means of
boundary marks.

5. Descriptions of boundary mark used in different surveys
Boundary Marks
Descriptions of boundary mark used in different surveys
As per THE BOMBAY SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT MANUAL VOL. II by
R.G. Gordon I.C.S. descriptions of boundary marks are as under
Mark
Length
Breadth
bottom
top
Height
In what survey used
Mound
5as.
2 ½ as.
1/3 anna
1 ½ as.
All
Stone
1 ½ to 2 haths long ..
3 fingers thick ..
Deccan
1 ¼ haths or over ..
3 inches thick ..
Konkan
2 ½ feet or over ..
8 inches thick ..
Gujrat
1 anna long, ¼ anna wide
4 fingers thick ..
Kanara
Stone cairn (Biruj)
At bottom ..
At top ..
2 as. Square
1 ½ as. Square
2 as.
Konkan only

6. Main principles of erection of boundary mark used in different surveys
Boundary Marks
Main principles of erection of boundary mark used
in different surveys
Main corners of survey numbers marked by two or more mounds pointing the boundary with intermediate mounds
Bends upon the boundary, not being main corners were marked by stones.
In case of pot numbers corners were demarcated by single stone (Deccan and Konkan Survey)
Demarcation of boundaries of survey numbers by stones (Deccan and Konkan Survey)
Demarcation of Tri junction point of two or more villages by means of stone with cross in the top.

7. Conventional signs of boundary marks shown in village map
Mound
Stone
Hedge
X – X – X – X – X
Cairn
Tri junction Mark
Source - THE BOMBAY SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT MANUAL VOL. II

8. Boundary Marks
Mound
Stone cairn
Stone
Hedge

9. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Sec 132 – Fixation and Demarcation of boundaries
Boundaries of all villages in the State and all survey numbers in villages shall be fixed and demarcated by boundary marks.
Sec 133 – Determination of village boundaries
Boundaries of all villages shall be fixed and all disputes relating there to shall be determine survey officer after holding formal inquiry after giving opportunity of appearing and producing evidence

10. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Sec 134 –Determination of field boundaries
At the time of survey if
field boundaries are undisputed laid down as pointed
field boundaries are disputed laid down by survey
officer after ascertaining
occupation and evidence
Sec 135 –Disputes regarding boundaries between villages, survey numbers and sub division
Any dispute arising concerned to boundary of village, field, holding which has not been surveyed or after completion of survey is to be decided by Collector after holding formal inquiry and after giving opportunity of appearing and producing evidence

11. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Sec 136 –Determination of boundaries of survey number and sub division
Collector may demarcate the boundaries on application of party interested
The State Government may make rules for the same, prescribing nature of boundary marks to be used, levy of fees, holders of land in demarcated survey number and sub division
Survey number and sub division demarcated under this provision shall be deemed to be survey numbers under sec. 132, 135, 139 and 140.
The power of demarcation of boundaries under this sec. are deligated to the concerned land records officers in the District.

12. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Sec 138 –Effect of boundary
This provision gives power to Collector to make final determination of dispute to the help of survey record and other evidence
Collector may at any time summarily evict any land holder who is wrongfully in possession of any land which has been adjudged
Sec 140 –Responsibility for maintenance of boundary marks and survey marks
Every land holder shall be responsible for the same.
Village officer has to prevent destruction or unauthorized alteration.

13. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Sec 143 –Right of way over boundaries
Tehsildar to decide the claims of persons to right of way over the boundaries of other survey numbers after conducting inquiry
Sec 145 –Penalty for injuring boundary marks
Any person is proved wilfully erased, removed or injured us boundary marks or survey marks shall be liable to fine not exceeding Rs. 100/- for each mark so erased.
Inquiry that effect may be carried out before the Collector, Survey officer, Tehsildar or Naib Tehsildar

14. Boundary Legal provisions under mlrc 1966
Rules regarding boundary marks and boundaries
These rules are called as Maharashtra Land Revenue (Boundaries and Boundary marks) Rules 1969.

15. Types of measurement cases in land records offices
Boundary dispute cases
Land Acquisition Measurement cases
Court Watap measurement cases
Court commission measurement cases
N.A. Measurement cases
Pot Hissa measurement cases
City Survey Measurement Cases

16. Types of records used in measurement cases
Tippan
Phalni/ Gat Book/ Fair sketch
Land Acquisition sheets
Consolidation scheme book
Akkarband
Gunakar book
City Survey Sheet

17. Categories of measurement cases
Ordinary
Urgent
Very Urgent

18. Equipments used for measurement
Chain and Cross Staff – Original Survey
Plain Table – Wooden Table, Allidade, Tape, Level Tube, Scale, Drawing Sheets etc.
Electronic Total Station – ETS, Prism pole, Data downloading s/w, plotter, AutoCad s/w
GPS – used in Resurvey and original survey

19. THANK YOU