1. Test Review
New France 1.4 – 2.3

2. I.4 First Contact
1. What event motivated Europeans to start searching for a new route to Asia in the late 1400s?
Turkish armies were blocking the land route to Asia. They had captured Constantinople.
2. Identify two other motivation for early explorers?
Find gold & riches
Find land
Spread Christianity
Power
Fame

3. Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday
3. What land did Christopher Columbus claim for Spain?
Caribbean
1492
4. What two resources were initially exploited in New France? Why were they in demand?
Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday
Whales – blubber oil was used light lamps

4. 5. The French and the Natives developed a mutually beneficial trade relationship in the 1500s. Identify the products each group gained from each other.
Natives Obtained
French Obtained
Glass beads
Axes
Knives
Hammers
Nails
clothing
FURS

5. Native trade networks were disrupted
6. Give specific reasons of how the fur trade impacted native populations. Explain.
Natives gradually abandoned traditional practices to obtain more furs for Europeans:
Copper pots replaced traditional wood pottery
Algonquin began replacing their primary diet of game with agricultural products
Mi’maq gave up fishing for European foods
Native trade networks were disrupted
Environment was abused by Europeans
More warfare between Native groups

6. 7. What are 3 reasons for why France sent Jacques Cartier to explore?
To find a new route to Asia
To claim land for the King
To find gold and riches
8. When were his three voyages?
1534
1535
1541

7. 9. What was Cartier’s biggest accomplishment?
Claimed land for the King of France in North America
10. When did Cartier make first contact with the natives?
On his first voyage in 1534
11. Name two things Cartier did on his second voyage?
Explored and mapped the St. Lawrence River
He reached Hochelaga (Montreal) and spent the winter in Stadacona (Quebec)
Learnt to combat scurvy from the natives
Learnt survival skills from the natives

8. 12. Where did Cartier erect two forts??
At Riviere du Cap Rouge called Charlesbourg Royal
13. What two things was Cartier hoping to achieve on his 3rd voyage to New France?
To establish a colony (populate, develop)
Evangelize the natives

9. 14. Why did Cartier fail to set up a colony?
France’s preoccupation with the war in Europe
Disagreements with Roberval
Cartier left with what he thought were riches
Conflict with the natives
Inability to attracts settlers due to the long voyage, harsh climate, conflicts with the natives…
15. With which native groups did the French form an alliance in 1603?
Maliseet, Innu and Algonquin

10. 16. Explain how the Europeans’ exploitation of resources in the territory of North Amercia during the 16th and 17th centuries affected the way of life of Native peoples. Your answer must provide details on each of the elements below and establish connections between them.
Event: European fishermen came to shores of North America to fish and whale during the 16th century.
Relations: They met the Aboriginal people and traded European goods (axes, hammers, nails…)for furs.
Consequence: As a result, the First Nations started using European goods (knives, hammers, axes, alcohol…), their culture was impacted (Christianity) many died from war and disease, they gradually abandoned their traditional practices (fishing, hunting large game, using bark wood pottery)

11. 2.1 Colonization of New France
1. What policy shaped France’s economy in the 17th century? How can this policy be applied to the fur trade?
Policy: Mercantilism
Application to the fur trade:
Colonies send their furs to the mother country
The mother country uses the furs to make coats and hats
Coats and hats were sold for profit

12. 2. Identify the difference between a settlement colony and a trading colony.
Few people
Temporary population
Exploit raw materials
Settle colonists
Permanent

13. 3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France
3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France? What was it called? Where was it located?
Who: Samuel de Champlain
When: 1608
Name: L’Habitation
Location: Quebec
4. The French expanded their alliance with the natives to include the Huron – Wendat in What did the French promise their native alliance in exchange for furs?
To wage war against their enemy, the Iroquois

14. 2.2 New France from
1. Why did holders of a fur trade monopoly have such little interest in populating the colony?
No need for French labour because Natives brought them furs
Posts needed few people to operate
Expensive to bring settlers
2. In what year was the Company of 100 Associates created? In exchange for a fur trade monopoly, what obligations did they have to the state?
Created in 1627
Promised to populate the colony and evangelize the Natives

15. 4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established?
3. What is the Treaty of Saint – Germain – en - Laye? When was it signed?
Signed in 1632
New France was returned under control of France – after being captured by the English
4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established?
System used to organize the territory and society in New France
Established in 1627

16. 6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires.
5. Seigneurs of New France came from diverse backgrounds. Give some examples.
Mmilitary officers
Religious orders
Nobles
bourgeoisie
6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires.
Seigneurs
Loyalty to the king
Grant land to censitaires
Build and maintain flour mill
Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king
Give 1/5 of value to the king if seigneury was sold
Keep the state informed of affairs in the seigneury
Censitaires
Work the land
Pay an annual rent in money or produce
Pay for using the flour mill with produce
3 days unpaid labour to the seigneur
Maintain public roads on their land

17. 7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system
7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system? Why was it laid out that way?
Perpendicular to the St. Lawrence river
Farm lots, mill and a church are found on the seigneury
Easy access to water for crops and transportation
8. What was the main goal of the church in New France? What strategies did they use to achieve them?
Jesuits/Missionaries were sent to evangelize the Natives
Missionaries lived amongst Natives, learnt their culture and language in order to successfully convert them

18. 9. What did Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve establish in New France in 1642?
Ville- Marie (Montreal)
10. Who established the first hospital in New France? What was it called?
Jeanne Mance
Hotel de Ville

19. 11. Who was the first bishop of New France
11. Who was the first bishop of New France? What did he use to communicate his instructions to his parishioners?
Francois de Laval
Pastoral letters
12. War broke out between the Iroquois and the French in the 17th century. The French were few in number and did not have enough soldiers. What was their strategy to ensure peace in the colony?
They sought peace accords to secure the colony

20. 13. How did the Iroquois wars impact the Huron- Wendat population?
The wars led to the disappearance of the Huron – Wendat (the disappearance of Huronia)
14. How did the fur trade impact the territory of New France?
Searching for new sources of furs led to an expansion of the territory

21. 16. What is acculturation? Give an example.
15. What primary factor led to the decrease in the Native population in New France?
Primarily disease
war
16. What is acculturation? Give an example.
Gradually adopting another culture – Natives adopting European cultural practice
Natives began using iron tools, adopting Christian religion, using axes and knives…..

22. 17. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced
17. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced? Explain why.
New France was made up of mostly men
Men were attracted to New France for the fur trade
18. Describe the economy of New France during this time period in one sentence.
The economy of New France was based primarily on one economic activity – the fur trade

23. 2.3 New France from
1. What were the objectives in establishing Royal government in New France?
Populating New France
Diversifying the economy
2. What is absolutism? How did the King ensure that the colonists of New France recognized his authority
The belief that the King received his power from God
The King placed symbols of his authority, such as the coat of arms and self-portraits, throughout the colony (public places)

24. 3. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced
3. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced? Explain why.
KING D D
KING
MINISTER OF THE MARINE
GOVERNOR GENERAL
INTENDANT
MILITIA CAPTAIN
MINISTER OF MARINE a B B E
SOVEREIGN COUNCIL
GOVERNOR GENERAL
INTENDANT
A, F
C, G, J
MILITIA CAPTAIN
H, I

25. 4. What two groups of men could be called on to defend the colony?
Soldiers
Militiamen
5. What militay regiment was sent to New France in 1665?
Carignan - Salieres

26. 6. What was the purpose of building forts in Montreal and Quebec?
To protect the cities
To ensure the colony’s security and defense against the Iroquois
7. What treaty officially put an end to the Iroquois wars? What year was it signed? Describe it.
Great Peace of Montreal
1701
Signed by 40 nations using totem animals
Officially put an end to Iroquois wars

27. 8. Who was sent to New France to increase the population
8. Who was sent to New France to increase the population? What was his position?
Who: Jean Talon
Position: Intendent
9. Among the following statements, check those that correspond to measures implemented by the French state to increase the population of New France.
B. The king granted an annual sum of money to parents who had 10 living children or more.
C. The king gave certain prisoners and smugglers the right to settle in New France.
E. The state offered officers from the Carignan Salieres regiment the chance to become seigneurs.

28. 10. What was France’s objective in sending the Filles du Roy to New France?
To have the orphan girls get married, have children and relieve the shortage of women
11. Jean Talon’s policy encouraged immigration to New France. Give 3 examples of immigrant groups and explain.

29. 12. What was the main demographic factor that caused a population increase in the 17th century?
Natural increase
13. Complete the text using the followin terms.
Jean Talon wanted to diversify the economy of New France. He first wanted to export agricultural surpluses to France. He tried to introduce new types of crops by bringing over a variety of seeds. He encouraged the cultivation of hemp, flax and hops. In order to diversify artisanal work, he had a tannery and tar works built. He sent colonists to explore for iron, copper and coal. Lastly, he had a shipyard built in order to exploit the abundant timber resources in New France.

30. 14. Jean Talon tried to diversify the economy. What were the results?
He failed to diversify the economy – it was still largely based on the fur trade
Colonists were too busy meeting their needs to produce a surplus
The mother country did not support the diversification attempts
15. What caused the overproduction of furs in 1663? What system did the governor institute in response?
In 1663 all residents could take part in the fur trade. The number of coureur de bois began to grow and caused an overproduction of furs
The governor instituted a licensing system called congee de traite