1. Chapter 21:
The Plant Kingdom

2. Key Features of Plants:
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Key Features of Plants:
Multi-cellular / Photosynthetic:
Cell wall composed of cellulose
Chloroplast: Converts light energy to food (chlorophyll)
Sessile: Stationary in one spot throughout life
Complex life cycle...

3. Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Most distinctive
feature
The Sex Life of Plants...
Plants can reproduce either sexually or asexually
Asexual: Single plant  new plant (genetically identical)
Daffodil bulbs; Strawberry runners
Sexual: Parental plants  new plant (genetic mix)
Most plants
Plant sexual life history is complex:
Alternation of Generations:
Diploid (2n) plants alternate with haploid (1n) plants
Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes

4. Alternation of Generations:
1) Diploid adult (sporophyte - (2n))
2) Haploid adult (gametophyte - (1n))
Produce spores (meiosis - (1n))
Spores germinate
Produce gametes (mitosis - (1n))
Gametes Join (Zygote - 2n)
(Figure 21.1)

5. Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Alternation of
Generations

6. Function of Plants in Biosphere:
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Function of Plants in Biosphere:
Primary producers (via photosynthesis)
Help maintain aerobic (oxygenated) environment
Provide medicines (bio-prospecting)
Foxglove
Digitalis (heart)
Nightshade
Atropine (heart)
Yew Tree
Taxol (cancer)
Willow
Aspirin (pain)

7. Green Algae Probably Gave Rise to Land Plants (evolutionary origin):
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Green Algae Probably Gave Rise to Land Plants (evolutionary origin):
Include single / multi-cellular forms
Primarily inhabit freshwater
Form symbiotic relationship with fungi
Green Algae:
Support for Hypothesis:
1) Both use same type of chlorophyll for photosynthesis
2) Both store food as starch (carbohydrate)
3) Both exhibit cell wall composed of cellulose
Above adaptations allowed for green algae to survive in
freshwater environment (extreme temperature / water level shifts)

8. Non-Reproductive Adaptations for Dry Land (most plants):
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Non-Reproductive Adaptations for Dry Land (most plants):
1) Roots: anchor plant & absorb water / nutrients
2) Cuticle: waxy surface that prevents water loss
3) Stomata: pores that regulate gas exchange & evaporation
Non-Reproductive Adaptations for Dry Land (some plants):
4) Veins: conducting system for nutrients & water
5) Lignin: stiffening substance that allows plant to grow upright
Reproductive Adaptations for Dry Land (varied):
1) Gamete / Zygote dispersal methods independent of water
2) Structures that protect developing embryos from drying out

9. Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
(Figure 7.2)
(Figure 23.1)

10. Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom

11. Gametophytic (1n) stage
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Plant Groups:
1) Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes - Mosses & Liverworts)
Lack true roots / leaves / stems
Rhizoid: Root-like anchoring structure
Lack vascular system / lignin (body size limited)
Enclosed reproductive structures
Gametophytic (1n) stage
much larger than
sporophytic (2n) stage
Archegonia = eggs
antheridia = sperm
Need water
to meet

12. Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom

13. gametophytic (1n) stage
A) Seedless Vascular Plants (Club mosses, horsetails, ferns):
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Plant Groups:
2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
Contain vascular tissue and lignin (exploit vertical space)
Dominated prehistoric times (coal)
Sporophytic (2n) stage
much larger than
gametophytic (1n) stage
Depend on water for
reproduction

14. 2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Plant Groups:
2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
B) Seed Vascular Plants (Currently Dominant plant)
Pollen: Protective structure containing male gametophyte
Allow for fertilization without the need for water
Seed: Protective structure containing developing embryo
Allow for development without reliance on water
Gametophyte (1n) stage
dependent on
sporophyte (2n) stage

15. 2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
cycads,
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Plant Groups:
2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
B) Seed Vascular Plants (Dominant plant - present)
a) Gymnosperms (lack flowers):
Ginkos,
Ginkgo biloba
“Improve your Memory”
Giant
Sequoias
& conifers (evergreens)
Conifers are
Adapted for cold / dry:
retain leaves in winter
leaves = needles
produce sap (“antifreeze”)

16. Attract animal pollinators (mutualistic interaction) Plant Groups:
Chapter 21: Plant Kingdom
Plant Groups:
2) Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes):
B) Seed Vascular Plants (Dominant plant - present)
b) Angiosperms (flowering plants):
Flowers: Structures containing male & female
gametophytes
Fruits: Seed-bearing structures designed for dispersal
Broad leaves: Advantage in warm, wet climates
Drop leaves during unfavorable conditions

17. A) Protists (single-celled eukaryotes)
Chapter 21: Systematics
The Prokaryotes:
1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
Domains
3) Eukarya:
A) Protists (single-celled eukaryotes)
B) Fungi (multicellular; absorptive digestion)
Kingdoms
C) Plantae (Multicellular; photosynthsis)
D) Animalia (Multicellular; ingestion)