1. INFORMATION SKILLS COURSE
SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS:
Search Strategy

2. Outline / content
1) Introduction 2) Planning The Search Process - Sources of Systematic Review 3) Constructing the Search Strategies - Structure of the Search Strategy 4) Managing Your Search Result 5) Demonstration/Practical (How to Search Systematic Reviews in The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost & OVID)

3. Learning Outcomes / Objectives :
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
Describe the purpose of a systematic review
Select databases that can be used to do comprehensive searching using Boolean and truncation searching
Use PICOS technique to develop literature search strategies
Manage the searching results using Reference Manager

4. 1. Introduction Definition of Systematic Review:
Cochrane Collaboration definition:
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
They involve a systematic search process to locate studies which address a particular research question, as well as a systematic presentation and synthesis of the characteristics and findings of the results of this search.

5. Why we need systematic reviews
Minimise the impact of bias/errors
Can help to end confusion
Highlight where there is not sufficient evidence
Combining findings from different studies can highlight new findings
Can mitigate the need for further trials

6. Sources of Systematic Review 1. Bibliographic databases
Type of database
Description
Database
1. Bibliographic Databases
A database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents, books, etc.
CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials)
MEDLINE
EMBASE
Trip Database
Scopus
Web of Science
2. Other sources
Subject specific databases/ Evidence-based database
CINAHL
PsycINFO
UpToDate
3. Unpublished and ongoing studies
Unpublished works are those which have not been distributed in any manner.
ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform)

7. Sources of Systematic Review 1. Bibliographic databases
URL
Topic Coverage
Pubmed
Biology, Medical & Health Sciences
MEDLINE
PubMed/OVID/EBSCOhost
Access via PPUKM Library Portal
The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL)
Databases of systematic reviews & other evidence synthesis.
Trip Database
Evidence-based healthcare resources

8. Sources of Systematic Review 1. Bibliographic databases
URL
Topic Coverage
Scopus
Life Sciences ; health Sciences
Web of Sciences
isiknowledge.com
Science Citations Index
EMBASE
Biomedical ; emphases on drugs and pharmaceutical. Health sciences database with a slightly European perspective but overlaps with PubMed.  Especially strong for drug information

9. Sources of Systematic Review 2. Other sources
Database
URL
Topic Coverage
UpToDate
(UpToDate Anywhere. Apps is available for Android and iOS) Access via PPUKM Library Portal
Evidence-based point of care
BMJ Best Practice
Clinical decision support
CINAHL
EBSCOhost Medical (
Nursing & Allied Health Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature.
PsycINFO
Psychological literature Mental health citation database.

10. Sources of Systematic Review
OTHER BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES:
national and regional databases
eg: KoreaMed, LILACS
subject specific databases
eg: AMED, PsyINFO
dissertation databases
eg: Dissertations & Theses
grey literature databases
eg: openGrey, NTIS

11. Sources of Systematic Review
UNPUBLISHED AND ONGOING STUDIES:
very important to minimise bias
trials registers
national and international
ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP
subject-specific
Pharmaceutical industry
Regulatory agencies (eg: FDA, EMA)
contact colleagues, organisations, other known researchers

12. 2. Constructing the Search Strategies
Structure of the Search Strategy P I C O S
Patient, Population or Problem
Intervention or exposure
Comparison
Outcome
Study Design
What are the characteristics of the patient or population?
What is the condition or disease you are interested in?
What do you want to do with this patient (e.g. treat, diagnose, observe)?
What is the alternative to the intervention (e.g. placebo, different drug, surgery)?
What are the relevant outcomes (e.g. morbidity, death, complications)?
Meta analysis
Systematic Review
Randomized Control trials

13. Patient, Population or Problem Intervention or exposure
Structure of the Search Strategy
To find 2 or 3 most important concepts
Focus on those most likely to be found in title and abstract
Example of a clinical question that outlines the PICOS components:
Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in cyclists P I C O S
Patient, Population or Problem
Intervention or exposure
Comparison
Outcome
Study Design ?

14. Patient, Population or Problem Intervention or exposure
Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in cyclists P I C O S
Patient, Population or Problem
Intervention or exposure
Comparison
Outcome
Study Design
Cyclists
Helmets
Systematic review

15. Broadening search term/keyword
Aim for high sensitivity
- express each concept in as many way as possible
- minimise the risk of missing a relevant study
- will lead to lower precision – find a balance
2. Use both text words and controlled vocabulary
3. Preliminary searching may help your test strategy
4. Strategies must be translated for every database or
interface

16. Text words Words appearing in title and/or abstract of the record
Include synonyms, related terms, opposites, international terms, alternative spellings, plurals
e.g. brain injury, head injury, skull fracture
Truncation and wildcards: * $ ?
- protect* = protects, protective, protection
- but beware: car* = cars (but also carcinoma)
Proximity operators – NEAR, NEXT, ADJ
e.g. liver ADJ3 cancer = liver cancer, liver and bowel cancer
Syntax must be translated for each interface

17. Controlled vocabulary
Standardised subject terms assigned by indexes
- e.g. Medline = MeSH, Embase = EMTREE
- identifies relevant articles even if different terms are used for the same concept
- ‘explode’ to include all narrower terms
- caution – indexers may not be subject experts, and authors may not describe their study very well
Check the terms applied to relevant papers for ideas
Use database tools to map words to subject terms
Controlled vocabulary must be translated for each database

18. Controlled vocabulary

19. Controlled vocabulary
MeSH
Tree Structures

20. Boolean Operators bicycle helmet bicycle helmet OR – to expand search
AND – to narrow search

21. Head Protective Devices
Combining terms
Population
bicycl* OR
cycling
cyclist*
bicycling
Intervention
helmet* OR
Head Protective Devices
Study design
See Cochrane HSSS
AND
AND

22. Limit & restrictions To avoid bias, do not limit by:
language – ask your research group about translation
year – unless there is a clear point of change or availability)
format – may be additional information about a study in letters

23. 4. Managing your search results
Store results from each source
download all available fields for each record
use bibliographic/reference management software
- e.g. EndNote, Mendeley, ProCite, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero
Collate and de-duplicate

24. 5. Demonstration/Practical (How to Search Systematic Reviews in The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost & OVID)

25. Caffeine for daytime drowsiness

26. Searching for studies in The Cochrane Library
1. Open a web browser and go to

27. 2. Click on Advanced Search. This will open the Advanced Search page.

28. 2. Click on Advanced Search. This will open the Advanced Search page.

29. Select Title, Abstract or Keyword
3. The Population for this review is people with drowsiness. In the first row of the search field, enter drows*. This truncation will find words such as drowsy and drowsiness.
Select Title, Abstract or Keyword
Click Go

31. Medline in EBSCOhost Medical

32. Medline in EBSCOhost Medical
MEDLINE Complete provides authoritative medical information on medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, pre-clinical sciences, and much more.

33. Medline in EBSCOhost Medical

34. Medline in EBSCOhost Medical
MEDLINE Complete provides authoritative medical information on medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, pre-clinical sciences, and much more.

36. Medline in OVID

37. Medline in OVID

38. Medline in OVID

43. PubMed/Medline

44. PubMed/Medline

45. PubMed/Medline
Click the full text link on the upper right

46. PubMed/Medline

47. Medline in EBSCOhost Medical

48. Demonstration / Practical :
Topic : Effectiveness of complementary therapy in helping to stop people smoking Concepts Complimentary therapy, smoking Databases : CDSR, DARE, CENTRAL Platform : The Cochrane Library

49.
Cochrane Library

55. MeSH in The Cochrane Library