1. DETERMINANTS OF THE SPANISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY: EVOLUTION AND EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN Eva Parga-Dans Institute of Heritage Sciences (Incipit-CSIC), Spain

2. RESEARCH CONTEXT SPANISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL LABOUR MARKET ? ? ? ?

3. Methods 1. Qualitative step. Expert panel, secondary sources, 107 open- ended interviews, case studies. 2. Quantitative step to collect information about labor market. Survey (personal interviews with CEO or senior VP) 80% response rate (217 over 273 firms).

4. Survey Procedure A database was constructed Telephone contact Assited questionnaire using an on-line application Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Telephone survey Codifying and processing the information Production of global frequencies

5. Defining the boundaries of Spanish archaeological sector 5 Results

6. Spain Spanish Heritage Historic Law 1985 3.000 archaeologists (aprox.) 273 firms (2009) Research Context

7. 7

8. - Products (Services) : -Heritage management protection (documentation, intervention, enhancement). It requires public authorization -Expert consultancy -Dissemination activities A complex sectoral system (I) 8

9. Spanish Market Developing Process Number of firms created per year (total number of firms).

10. Firm Profile - Labour Market: 2.358 people working in archaeological companies in 2009 -Small firm size (25% have just one employee) -Archaeological firms have a highly localized scope (73% of these organizations work in the region in which they are located). - Low turnover (38% do not reach 100.000 per year)

11. Business trend Archaeological industry is a recent market activity in Spain that had registered a fast growing process: 273 firms in 2009. However, if faces mounting inter-firm competition due to economic slowdown.

12. DEMAND PROFILE Main clients, data expressed in percentages

13. HUMAN CAPITAL Human capital educational level, data expressed in porcentages

14. Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe Project 14 From 2009 to 2013

15. In 2013: Data Collection Survey to collect information about Spanish archaeological labor market: -Design the questionnaire -Online application (July-August 2013) -233 active firms (over 273 in 2009) -Survey oriented to other organizations where archaeologists are working -Telephone Survey

16. Survey Procedure

19. OrganizationNº Company106 Self employee32 Public administration4 Museum1 Foundation3 Total146 Preliminary results

20. Preliminary Results (II) - Firm size: 57% of organizations has between 1 and 5 employees, 69% of those state that had reduced their size since 2007. - Turnover: -45% do not reach100.000 per year (38% in 2009) -77% state 2012 turnover is lower than 2010-2011 -Main clients are construction sector and public administrations (the same as in 2009) and general public is becoming more important

21. - Adaptation initiatives are required if they want survive: -Diversifying -Specializing -Moving towards other cultural activities - Basic knowledge and technologies. Include different areas: archaeology, biology, restoration, topography, geo-spatial technologies, etc. - Knowledge and learning processes : this is an emergent sector and the development of techniques and know-how is something new. -High qualified level. 71% of employees have a degree and of them 16.2% are PhDs. Reinvent or Perish Dilemma

22. -Archaeological sector in Spain is an emergent activity that had registered a fast growing process: 273 firms in 2009. -However, it faces mounting inter-firm competition due to economic slowdown and the dependence of the construction sector. -High qualified human capital and knowledge-base activity are the main opportunities in the changing environmental conditions. Conclusions

23. Thank you!