1. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIFE
THE CELL
THE BASIC STRUCTURE
OF LIFE

2. THE CELL THEORY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
ALL LIVING THINGS FUNCTION THROUGH THE ACTIVITIES OF THEIR CELLS (METABOLISM).
CELLS COME ONLY FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS.

3. “CELL PEOPLE” Schleiden-Plants are made of cells
Schwann-Animals are made of cells
Virchow-Cells come only from cells
Hooke-named the cell
van Leeuwenhoek-invented a crude microscope; first to see living cells
Brown-discovered the nucleus

4. Structure and Function
Nerve cells have long processes to transmit information over long distances.

5. Epithelial Cells (Skin)
Epithelial cells are flat and platelike in order to form a protective covering over the organism.

6. PROKARYOTIC CELL

7. PROKARYOTIC CELLS LACK AN ORGANIZED NUCLEUS
LACK MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
HAVE A CELL WALL
SOME HAVE A SLIME LAYER (CAPSULE)

9. PLANT CELLS HAVE A CELL WALL CONTAIN A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE
USUALLY CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS

11. ANIMAL CELLS DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL HAVE CENTRIOLES
HAVE SMALLER VACUOLES

12. THE CELL WALL MADE OF CELLULOSE GIVES SUPPORT TO THE PLANT CELL
GIVES STRENGTH TO THE PLANT CELL
IS PERMEABLE

13. PLASMA MEMBRANE CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES THE CELL
MADE OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
FOUND IN BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS

14. CYTOSOL
The area of the cytoplasm outside of the individual organelles is called the cytosol.
The cytosol contains thousands of enzymes
The cytosol takes molecules and breaks them down, so that the individual organelles can use them.

15. THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE CELL’S DNA
IS SURROUNDED BY ITS OWN NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE “CONTROL CENTER” OF THE CELL

16. DNA THE GENETIC MATERIAL IN THE NUCLEUS DOUBLE HELIX
FORMS CHROMATIN (working DNA) & CHROMOSOMES (nonworking DNA)

17. NUCLEOLUS
The nucleolus is an approximately spherical region within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
It stores RNA and ribosomal subunits.

18. MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria generate the cell’s energy through cellular respiration.
Usually they are rod-shaped, however they can be round.
The inner membrane is thrown into folds or shelves called cristae.

19. Mitochondria Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes.
They are capable of reproducing themselves.
Humans inherit mitochondrial DNA only from the mother.

20. Mitochondria Powerhouses of the cell Site of cellular respiration
Breakdown of food to release energy and generate ATP

21. CHLOROPLASTS

22. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, the process by which autotrophs make food.
Chlorophyll is the light-trapping pigment in the chloroplast.

23. Chloroplasts Stroma is the semi-fluid filled space
Contains enzymes
Thylakoids are hollow sacs
Provide membrane for photosynthetic reactions
Grana are stacks of thylakoids
Lamellae connect the grana

24. Chloroplasts
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double membrane, their own DNA and ribosomes.
Chloroplasts can reproduce themselves.

25. Ribosomes Granular organelles Site of protein synthesis
Attached to rough ER or located in the cytoplasm
Manufactured in the nucleolus
Made of RNA and protein subunits

26. Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum

28. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A complex network of membranes
Bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Processes and transports polypeptides to the Golgi complex
Hollow interior is known as the “lumen”

29. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth ER is associated with the production and storage of lipids, especially steroids.

30. Smooth ER
Releases calcium in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells so that contraction can occur
Detoxifies alcohol and poisons in the liver and kidney cells

31. Golgi Apparatus Receives proteins from the rough ER
Processes, packages, and delivers the proteins
Packaging occurs via vesicles

32. GOLGI APPARATUS Responsible for packaging proteins for the cell
Proteins produced by the rough E.R. pass into the G.A. cisternae
These proteins are then squeezed off into vesicles (small vacuoles) for transport out of the cell.

33. Golgi Apparatus

34. Lysosomes Found in animal cells
Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest almost everything in the cell
Manufactured by the Golgi apparatus

35. Lysosomes
Autophagy-digestion of worn organelles
Autolysis-digestion of damaged or extra cells

36. Peroxisomes Not from the Golgi apparatus
Neutralize free radicals in the liver and kidneys
Oxygen ions that damage cells
Detoxify alcohol and drugs
Break down fatty acids for the mitochondria to use for energy

37. Glyoxysomes
Found in some seeds
Break down stored fats to provide energy for the developing plant embryo

38. Vacuole Large fluid-filled vesicle surrounded by a membrane
Can store water, nutrients, wastes, pigments
Larger in plant cells
Help plant cells create turgor, internal water pressure

39. CONTRACTILE VACUOLES Membrane-bound sac
Plays roles in release of excess water from protists that live in watery environments

40. Other Vesicles Amyloplasts store starch in plant cells
Chromoplasts store pigments other than chlorophyll; give color to petals and leaves

41. CYTOSKELETON For movement and stability
Primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

43. CENTRIOLES In animal cells only
Two cylinders at right angles to one another
Close to the nucleus
Help to form the spindle fibers for cell division

44. Flagella and Cilia Flagella are long and whiplike
The cilia are short and hairlike
Both are used for locomotion
Cilia are also used internally to sweep cells or particles