1. Communication Systems (2) CT 1401
Lecture-7: Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN)
By : Ashwaq fahad
Supervision : Dr.Ouiem Bchir

2. Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN)
Outline
Definition Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN)
Types interface ISDN
ISDN Components and Reference Points
ISDN Benefits
Advantages and disadvantages of ISDN
ISDN Uses
ISDN Protocols
ISDN Protocol Operating OSI Layers
ISDN Encapsulation

3. Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN)
Definition
Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice [1]

4. What Is ISDN?

5. Types interface ISDN
Cisco supports the following two ISDN interface types, which combine the channel types in the preceding list:
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)— One 16-kbps D channel + two B channels
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)— 1 64-kbps D channel + 23 B channels in North America and Japan, for a total capacity of 1536 kbps kbps D channel + 30 B channels in Europe and other parts of the world, for a total capacity of 1984 kbps.[2]

6. ISDN Components and Reference Points

7. ISDN Components and Reference Points
Terminal Adapter (TA) - Converter device that converts standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN - allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN network.
Terminal Equipment Type 1 (TE1) - Compatible with the ISDN network. Example: Telephones, personal computers, fax machine or videoconferencing machine.
Terminal Equipment Type 2 (TE2) - Not compatible with the ISDN network. Example: Analog phone or modem, requires a TA (TE2 connects to TA).
Network termination type 1 & 2 (NT1 and NT2) - A small connection box that physically connects the customer site to the Telco local loop, provides a four-wire connection to the customer site and a two-wire connection to the network (PRI – CSU/DSU). [2]

8. ISDN Benefits
Carries a variety of user traffic, such as digital video, data, and telephone network services, using the normal phone circuit-switched network
Offers much faster call setup than modems by using out-of-band signaling (D channel)
Often less than one second
Provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the 64-kbps bearer channel (B channel)
Can combine multiple B channels to bandwidth of 128 kbps
Can negotiate PPP links [3]

9. Advantages and disadvantages of ISDN
The basic advantage of ISDN is to facilitate the user with multiple digital channels. These channels can operate concurrently through the same one copper wire pair.
The digital signals broadcasting transversely the telephone lines.
ISDN provides high data rate because of digital scheme which is 56kbps.
ISDN network lines are able to switch manifold devices on the single line such as faxes, computers, cash registers credit cards readers, and many other devices. These all devices can work together and directly be connected to a single line
ISDN takes only 2 seconds to launch a connection while other modems take 30 to 60 second for establishment [4]

10. Advantages and disadvantages of ISDN
The disadvantage of ISDN lines is that it is very costly than the other typical telephone system.
ISDN requires specialized digital devices just like Telephone Company [4]

11. ISDN Uses Remote Access (Telecommuters) Remote Nodes (Voice and Data)
SOHO Connectivity (Small Branches) [5]

12. Remote Access (Telecommuters)
ISDN Uses
Remote Access (Telecommuters)

13. Remote Nodes (Voice and Data)
ISDN Uses
Remote Nodes (Voice and Data)

14. ISDN Uses
SOHO Connectivity (Small Branches)

15. ISDN Protocols
E-series protocols—Telephone network standards for ISDN.
I-series protocols—Specify ISDN concepts and interfaces.
Q-series protocols—Standards for ISDN switching and signaling.
Operate at the physical, data link, and network layers of the OSI reference model [6]

16. ISDN Protocol Operating OSI Layers
Physical layer ISDN protocols
BRI (ITU-T I.430) / PRI (ITU-T I.431)
Defines two ISDN physical layer frame formats
Inbound (local exchange to ISDN customer)
Outbound (ISDN customer to local exchange ) [6]

17. Physical layer ISDN protocols

18. ISDN Protocol Operating OSI Layers
Data link layer ISDN protocols
LAPD signaling protocol (ITU-T Q.920 for BRI and Q.921 for PRI) for transmitting control and signaling information over the D channel
LAPD frame format similar to ISO HDLC frame format [6]

19. Data link layer ISDN protocols

20. ISDN Protocol Operating OSI Layers
Network layer ISDN protocols
ITU-T I.930 and ITU-T Q.931 defines switching and signaling methods using the D channel.

21. Network layer ISDN protocols
Two Layer 3 specifications are used for ISDN signaling:
ITU-T I.450 (also known as ITU-T Q.930)
ITU-T I.451 (also known as ITU-T Q.931)
Together, these protocols support:
User-to-user circuit-switched connections
User-to-user packet-switched connections
A variety of standards for:
Call establishment
Call termination [6]

22. With Q.921/Q.931 the second digit indicates the OSI layer.
Note
With Q.921/Q.931 the second digit indicates the OSI layer.

23. ISDN Encapsulation The two most common encapsulations:
PPP
HDLC
ISDN defaults to HDLC.
PPP is much more robust.
Open standard specified by RFC 1661
Supported by most vendors [7]

24. References
[1] [2] tudies_I&seqNum=84 [3] eaturesandbenefits/ [4] [5] [6] isdn-layers-protocols-components.html [7]