1. Ch. 21: Civil Rights

2. Section 1: Taking on Segregation

3. The Segregation System:
When the Civil War ended laws were passed to try to make sure African Americans would be treated as Citizens, but after Reconstruction, many of the gains were reversed.
For example:
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Segregation is legal as long as equal

4. The Civil Rights Movement Begins:
So what began to change America’s view on segregation?
The War
1. Jobs
2. Veterans
3. Political Action
Want an end to Jim Crow (laws that restricted the rights of African Americans)

5. Challenging Segregation in Court
At first Segregation fought by NAACP - -Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall fought in the courts

6. Brown v. Board of Ed Schools= main target of desegregation
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)
Overturned Plessy
Separate is not equal
How to enforce?

7. South slow to react so SC had to step up their game:
Brown II: Schools must integrate with speed
South still resists

8. Little Rock: 1957 The “Little Rock Nine”
Governor Faubus uses National Guard to keep AA students out
President Eisenhower ordered in the US Army
Soldiers escorted the students to class
The entire event was watched on TV
Civil Rights Bill of 1957 passed

11. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to sit in the colored section of a public bus.
NAACP organized a bus boycott.
Local leaders picked Martin Luther King , Jr. to lead the boycott
AA boycotted the buses for 381 days
King’s home was bombed
1956, the SC outlawed bus segregation

12. 1. Non-violent civil disobedience
III. MLK and SCLC
A. Soul Force
1. Non-violent civil disobedience
Practiced by Mohandas Gandhi in India
Wear down hate with passive resistance
2. Southern Christian Leadership
Conference was formed.
Used AA churches as a base
Organized nonviolent protests

13. 3. SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
Formed by college students
Organized sit-ins
Students were beaten, arrested, spit on and suspended from school.
Again, TV, spread these images all over the country.

16. Section 2
Triumphs of a Crusade

17. Freedom Rides Bus Desegregation challenged
White leaders in the South ignore SC ruling about desegregating busses
Civil Rights leaders needed medias attention

18. Black and white activists sat together on buses headed towards south
Encountered violence
Got a lot of media attention
Forced National Government to act
Used Federal Marshalls to integrate buses, lunch counters, restrooms

19. Colleges
Colleges were still segregated and needed to be desegregated

20. James Meredith: Black Air Force Veteran
U Miss all white up to 1962
James Meredith: Black Air Force Veteran
Won lawsuit to go to school there
Fed Marshalls had to escort him
Lots of violence and riots to keep him out

21. University of Alabama All white up to 1963
George Wallace=Alabama gov. that tried to prevent blacks from attending
Fed marshals used here too
Kennedy not afraid to back up his word

22. Birmingham MLK asked to come lead peaceful demonstrations
Arrested and thrown in jail
1000 black children march, almost all arrested
2nd Crusade
Law enforcement ready and react violently

23. Result Because of coverage city government agreed to end segregation
Inspired other communities to rise up
Inspired Kennedy to write new Civil Rights Legislation
He died two months before it took effect

24. Civil Rights Act 1964 Passes easily for two reasons March on DC
I have a Dream
Carry out legacy of JFK
What did it do?
Prohibited most forms of discrimination
Race , religion, Gender, Ethnicity
Now needed to be enforced

25. Getting out the vote 24th Amendment(1964)
Eliminated having to pay a fee to vote poll taxes
Freedom Summer 1964
Group of mostly college students that attempt to register AA voters in South, met with violence

26. Mississippi Freedom Demo party
Formed so AA could have a say in politics
Demos did not allow AA’s to run for office
Fannie Lou Hammer: spoke out on behalf
Lot of media attention
Not much done by national gov. to help

28. Selma March 65 Protest voting injustices Met with a lot of violence
Media captured it
2nd March: occurred with gov protection
Also covered by media
Nat. gov had to act

29. 1965 Voting Rights Act Summer 65
Gov. eliminated having to pass a literacy test to vote
Allowed National Government to Register blacks
Previously had to go through Racist local officials
End result: # of registered voters tripled

30. Section 3

31. I. Post-1965
A. The Movement Goes North
1. The North had de facto segregation (by custom and tradition) while in the South is was de jure segregation (by law).
2. Changing Northern segregation would be more difficult because it would require people to change their attitudes and beliefs.

32. 3. Race riots Why? New York—July 1964 Watts, L.A.—August 1965
Detroit—1967
—100s of other cities.
Why?
a. Ending legal segregation was not enough.
b. African-Americans also wanted equality of opportunity in jobs, better housing, fair treatment by police and better schools.

33. B. New Leaders and Black Power 1. Malcolm Little
Known as Malcolm X.
Preached that blacks should separate from white society and armed self-defense.
After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he changed his beliefs and began to talk about cooperation.
Assassinated on Feb. 21, 1965.

34. 2. Stokely Carmichael Split with King.
He felt the movement needed to be more militant.

35. 3. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Formed the Blank Panthers in Oakland, California.
Pushed for immediate civil and economic rights.
Much more militant than SCLC.
Set up programs to help the poor.
Many members were arrested by the FBI.

36. Kerner Commission Appointed by LBJ to study urban violence
Result: Violence caused by White Racism
Improve conditions in ghettos, housing, education and jobs
Recs. Initially ignored

37. II. 1968
A. Assassinations
1. On April 4, 1968 in Memphis, King is assassinated.
Reaction: Race riots erupted in 100s of cities.
2. June—Robert Kennedy is assassinated.
3. Led to Civil Rights Act of 1968
-ended legal discrimination in housing
-increased punishment for violence against blacks and civil rights workers

38. B. Civil Rights Legacy 1. Accomplishments: De jure segregation ended.
Civil and Voting Rights Acts passed.
African-Americans gained ethnic and racial identity.
More A.A. on TV.
Political gains.

39. 2. New Issues Housing Job discrimination Urban poverty Education
Racism
Affirmative Action
Designed to force colleges and businesses to provide different guidelines for blacks because they had suffered discrimination in the past
Some whites declare reverse discrimination
This particular law is still in debate today