1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Chapter 1
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

2. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
What Is Geography?
The spatial perspective:
How human activities are organized in space and how they relate to the natural environment
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

3. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
The Five Themes of Human Geography
Location
Place
Region
Movement
Human-Environmental Interaction
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4. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Maps
A two-dimensional graphical representation of the surface of the Earth
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

5. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Ways Cartographers Manipulate Maps:
Projection
Simplification
Scale
Aggregation
What do you consider the most important of these and why?
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6. How are these two map projections different?
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Projections
A: Mercator B: Mollwide
Figure 1.1
How are these two map projections different?
Which do you prefer? Which one is more popular?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

7. How are these two map projections different? Which do you prefer?
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Projections
C: Van der Grinten D: Robinson
Figure 1.1
How are these two map projections different?
Which do you prefer?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

8. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Projections
E: Polar F: Polar
Figure 1.1
Why don’t we see maps from this perspective very often?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

9. How are these two map projections different?
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Projections
G: Varying point of Orientation H: Dymaxion Map
Figure 1.1
How are these two map projections different?
What do you think of each one?
Out of all the projections shown on page 4 in your textbook, which one do you prefer?
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10. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Simplification:
Imagine a map that shows all roads, bus stops, boundaries, landmarks, business locations, rivers, hills, parks, and government buildings.
How big would this map have to be?
How easy would it be to find something on a map that is so crowded?
Figure 1.2
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

11. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Scale
Figure 1.3
Think about the nearest major airport to where you live. How close is it to the center of the city whose name it carries?
Can you think of examples around the country where the airport is not even in the city whose name it carries? Why is this?
Does this issue matter when viewing a mapat the national scale? Urban scale?
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12. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Aggregation
Figure 1.4
Is it likely that educational levels within California are the same in all parts of the state?
Are there parts of your state or province that you think probably have a higher-than-average percentage of Bachelor’s degrees?
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13. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Percent of the Population Age 25+ Having a Bachelor’s Degree, 1990
Figure 1.5
What can you learn about educational levels within West Virginia and Massachusetts on the local map that you can’t see on the national map?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

14. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Map Type:
Reference Map
When was the last time you used a reference map and what did you use it for?
Encourage students to go to a site such as and create a personalized reference map.
Figure 1.2, repeated
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

15. Do you have a preference between these two types of maps?
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Isoline: Average Daily Solar Radiation
Choropleth: Florida Senior Citizens
Map Types: Thematic Maps
Figure 1.6
Do you have a preference between these two types of maps?
Do you find one of these easier to understand than the other?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

16. Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Dot Density: Acres of Potatoes
Graduated Symbol: Population Density
Map Types: Thematic Maps
Figure 1.6
What are some of the advantages of each of the four types of thematic maps?
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

17. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Name That Key Term
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18. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
The absolute position of something on the surface of the Earth and its relative proximity to other related things (the first theme of geography).
The local human and physical characteristics that uniquely define a place and give it meaning to its inhabitants (the second theme of geography).
An area characterized by similarity or by cohesiveness that sets it apart from other areas (the third theme of geography).
The flow of people, goods, money, ideas, or materials between locations near or far (the fourth theme of geography).
Location Place Region Movement
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
The ways in which human society and the natural environment affect each other (the fifth theme of geography).
A two-dimensional graphical representation of the surface of the Earth (or of events that occur on the Earth).
The ratio of map distance to Earth distance, measured in the same units.
A systematic method of transferring a spherical surface to a flat map.
Elimination of unimportant detail on maps and retention and possibly exaggeration and distortion of important information, depending on the purpose of the map.
Human-Environmental Interaction Map Map scale Map Projection Simplification
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
The level of detail for dividing a thematic map into geographic units, ranging from a coarse division (e.g., countries) to a fine division (e.g., zip codes).
A general-purpose map that shows recognizable landmarks, roads, and political units.
A map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable..
A thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the mapped variable.
A thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable.
Aggregation Reference Map Thematic Map Proportional Symbol Dot Map
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones.
Information obtained indirectly from another source that was previously collected, processed, and made available to a larger audience.
Information collected directly by the researchers or their equipment without any intermediary. This can include surveys, interviews, observations, or measurements obtained in the field.
Isoline Map
Choropleth Map
Secondary Data
Primary Data
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Information that has a geographical or locational component.
A computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data. A GIS uses spatial data, produces maps, and has the ability to perform many types of spatial analysis.
Explanatory list of symbols in a map. Usually appears in a box in a lower corner.
The study of the distribution of humans and their activities on the surface of the Earth and of the processes that generate these distributions.
Spatial Data
Geographic Information System
Legend
Human Geography
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Did You Win?
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24. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Chapter 1
Case Study
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

25. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Convert map scale to real-world distances.
Recognize choropleth, proportional symbol, isoline, and dot maps.
Recognize that changing the scale and type of a map changes its message.
Understand the difference between changing scale and changing level of aggregation.
Use GIS to change the class limits on a choropleth map.
Describe the geographic distribution of
African-Americans in the United States.
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

26. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Activity 1: Scale
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

27. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Activity 1: Scale
Figures 1.12, 1.13
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

28. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Activity 1: Scale
Figures 1.12, 1.13
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  

29. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Spatial Data and GIS
Primary vs. secondary data
GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
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30. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Historical Geography of African-Americans
Slave trade 1619–1808
Emancipation in 1863
Post-World War I — Northward migration
Post-1970 reversal in migration flow
Census treatment of race and ethnicity
Race and ethnicity as socially-constructed variables
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31. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Activity 1.2: Thematic Maps USA
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32. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Activity 1.2: Thematic Maps Canada
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33. Understanding Isoline Maps
Chapter 1: True Maps, False Impressions: Making, Manipulating, and Interpreting Maps
Understanding Isoline Maps
Figure 1.14
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.