1. Do Now Turn in Microscope Lab from last class
Work on Cell Types Review (comparing bacterial, animal and plant cells)
Cells Quiz/Quest FRI 11/13

3. Cell Differentiation and Specialization
Unicellular Organisms
Tend to have fairly complex cells. This is because they can only depend on one cell to perform all the functions necessary for them to live

4. Cell Differentiation and Specialization
Multicellular Organisms
Have lots of cells that are specialized, or designed for different functions.
This allows you to have variation in cell shape/structure to better serve a specific function
Multicellular organisms start out as single cells that divide and multiply. We all start out as a bunch of embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent, meaning these cells have the potential to become several different cell types

5. Cell Differentiation Simulation

6. Cell Differentiation Process Representation in Simulation
Early in development, genes are “poised” like runners in the starting blocks, ready to jump into action
In each cell, some genes are shut down and others are activated, causing cells to be “nudged” toward a final (and specialized) fate
Different cell experiences causes the profiles of each cell type to grow increasingly different over time
In the end, hundreds of cell types form, each with a distinct identity and a specialized function

9. “Saw the Show” Saw cells divide… Cells come from other cells.
Virchow
“Saw the Show” Saw cells divide… Cells come from other cells.

10. Animated Mitosis Cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & Cytokinesis

11. Interphase occurs before mitosis begins
Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)
Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy(sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase
CELL MEMBRANE
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

12. Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

13. Prophase 1st step in Mitosis
Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell.
Spindle fibers form between the poles.
Centrioles
Sister chromatids
Spindle fibers

14. Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Spindle fibers Centrioles
Photographs from:

15. Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

16. Metaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

17. Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

18. Anaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

19. Telophase 4th step in Mitosis
Two new nuclei form.
Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods).
Mitosis ends.
Nuclei
Nuclei
Chromatin

20. Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

21. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis
Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

22. Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

23. Cell Cycle