1. Biology 11
THE Cell

2. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
State the 2 types of cells
Relate the structure to function for all the organelles

3. Types of Cells There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic
(simple – no membrane bound organelles)

4. Types of Cells There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic
(simple – no membrane bound organelles)
2. Eukaryotic
(complex – membrane bound organelles)

5. What do you remember?? http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Label up your cells!!

6. Cell Membrane AKA: Plasma Membrane Confines the cytoplasm
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Made of a phospholipid bilayer

7. Cell Membrane Structure of Cell Membrane
The fatty acid tails are “water hating”
The phosphate heads are “water loving”
There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane

9. Nucleus
The “control centre” of the cell as it regulates gene expression, in-turn regulating the activities of the cell.
Houses the nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleolus
Enclosed by the nuclear membrane which is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

10. Nucleolus
The nucleolus is found inside the nucleus and is responsible for making ribosomes

11. Nuclear Membrane
Also called the nuclear envelope, a barrier that prevents the passage of materials into the nucleus while keeping the genetic material (DNA) inside the nucleus
Has many holes called pores which regulate the passage of chemical messengers into the nucleus and allows RNA (a small copy of some DNA) to exit.

12. RER & SER Endoplasmic Reticulum Made of cell membrane folded into sacs
There are two types:
1. Rough: has ribosomes attached
2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached

13. RER & SER
RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus
SER: makes lipids, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins

14. Ribosomes Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm
Are the site of protein synthesis

15. Golgi Body AKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex
Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane
Receives and exports proteins via vesicles in a process called “blebbing”

16. Vacuoles & Vesicles Membrane bound sacs used for storage
Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles are typically for transport and vacuoles for storage

17. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP)

18. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only
Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

19. Flagella & Cilia Made of microtubules Flagella: move cells
Cilia: move fluids past cells

20. Centrioles Not found in plant cells
Help to organize spindle fibers during mitosis

21. Cytoskeleton Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles
Moves things inside the cell
Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

22. Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that act as suicide sacs
Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell

23. Your Turn!
Crash Course Video
Complete the Cell Parts Chart 

25. Protein Synthesis
The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein
The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA
RNA leaves through a nuclear pore
The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made

26. The manufactured protein enters the ER
A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body
Golgi repackages the protein for transport
A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane
The vesicle attaches to cell membrane and is release out

27. Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles
Protein Synthesis Demo
DNA – Hank video!
You should be able to describe how these structures work together:
DNA mRNA Ribosomes RER
Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus
Amino acids tRNA Nuclear Pore

29. DNA, RNA, Amino-Acid Chain
Example:
DNA  AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC
mRNA  UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG
protein  start - glu – ala –thre – hist – asp -glu-threo-stop