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Obstetrics and Human Development
17 Obstetrics and Human Development
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Multimedia Directory Slide 18 Conception Animation
Slide 28 First Stage of Labor Video Slide 29 First Stage of Labor Video Part II Slide 30 Second Stage of Labor Video Slide 31 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part I Slide 32 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part II Slide 33 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part III Slide 49 Down Syndrome Video Slide 63 Preeclampsia Video Slide 74 Delivery of Infant—C-section Video Slide 84 Postpartum Assessment Video
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Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for obstetrics and human development Identify the major organs of obstetrics and human development and describe their structure and function
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with obstetrics and human development Build medical terms from the word parts associated with obstetrics and human development
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with obstetrics and human development
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Obstetrics and Human Development
Prenatal development The study of life changes prior to birth Includes the issues of pregnancy Postnatal development Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age
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Prefixes ante- = before intra- = within micro- = small multi- = many
neo- = new nulli- = none
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Prefixes (cont.) poly- = many post- = after pre- = before
primi- = first tri- = three
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Combining Forms amni/o, amnion/o = amnion, amniotic fluid
cephal/o = head chori/o = membrane, chorion embry/o = embryo episi/o = vulva fet/o = fetus
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Combining Forms (cont.)
ger/o, geront/o = old age gravid/o, gravidar/o = pregnancy hyster/o = uterus lact/o = milk nat/o = birth
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Combining Forms (cont.)
obstetr/o = midwife, prenatal development omphal/o = umbilicus (navel) par/o, part/o = parturition, or labor ped/o, pediatr/o = child pelv/i, pelv/o = pelvis, washbasin
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Combining Forms (cont.)
presby/o = old age prim/i = first pseud/o = false puerper/i, puerper/o = childbirth salping/o = tube toc/o = birth, labor
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Suffixes -centesis = surgical puncture to aspirate fluids
-cyesis = pregnancy -genic = pertaining to producing, formation, causing -ician = one who treats
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Suffixes (cont.) -lytic = pertaining to loosen, dissolve
-rrhexis = rupture -tocia = birth, labor -um = pertaining to -y = process of
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Prenatal Development and Pregnancy
Zygote—a fertilized egg Fertilization, or conception—the process of gamete union Pregnancy—normally lasts 280 days or 9 calendar months Trimesters—3-month-long periods of pregnancy
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Figure 17.1: Fertilization and implantation
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Figure 17.2: Fertilization Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Conception Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on conception. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory
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Prenatal Development and Pregnancy (cont.)
Embryo—refers to first 8 weeks of life after conception Fetus—period of development between 8th week after conception until birth
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Figure 17.3: Early prenatal development NOTE: View highlighted area on next slide
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Figure 17.3 (continued): Early prenatal development NOTE: View highlighted area on next slide
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Figure 17.3 (continued): Early prenatal development
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Figure 17.4: Prenatal growth
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Prenatal Development and Pregnancy (cont.)
Labor—a four-stage process that involves: gradual dilation of the cervix increasing strength and duration of uterine contractions Parturition—birth of child Puerperium—6-week time period after giving birth
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Figure 17.5: Labor
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Figure 17.5 (continued): Labor
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Figure 17.5 (continued): Labor
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First Stage of Labor Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the first stage of labor. Back to Directory
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First Stage of Labor Video (cont.)
Click on the screenshot to view a second video on the first stage of labor. Back to Directory
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Second Stage of Labor Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the second stage of labor. Back to Directory
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Third Stage of Labor: Part 1 Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory
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Third Stage of Labor: Part II Video
Click on the screenshot to view a second video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory
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Third Stage of Labor: Part III Video
Click on the screenshot to view a third video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory
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Postnatal Development
Begins immediately after birth and continues until death Neonate—term for newborn during the first month Senescence—old age, which usually begins between years of age until death
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Figure 17.6: Postnatal development
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Terms Related to Prenatal and Postnatal Human Development
Adolescence Adulthood Antepartum Childhood Gravida Gravidopuerperal Infancy Intrapartum Multigravida Multipara Natal Neonate Nulligravida Nullipara
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Terms Related to Prenatal and Postnatal Human Development (cont.)
Para Postnatal development Postpartum Pregnancy Premature infant Prenatal development Primigravida Primipara Puberty Puerpera Puerperal Puerperium Senescence Trimester
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Word Roots amni, amnion = amnion or amniotic fluid
chori = membrane, chorion embry = embryo fet = fetus lact = milk obstetr = midwife, prenatal development par, part = parturition, or labor
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Symptoms and Signs Amniorrhea Dystocia Hyperemesis gravidarum
Abnormal discharge of amniotic fluid Dystocia Difficult labor Hyperemesis gravidarum Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Lactorrhea Abnormal, spontaneous discharge of milk Polyhydramnios Excessive amniotic fluid Pseudocyesis False pregnancy
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Diseases and Disorders
Abortion Termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion (SAB) Therapeutic abortion (TAB)
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Abruptio placentae Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall Results in either premature birth or fetal death
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Figure 17.7: Abruptio placentae
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Amnionitis Inflammation of the amnion Amniorrhexis Rupture of the amnion Breech birth Abnormal childbirth in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cervical effacement Progressive obliteration of the cervical canal during labor Chorioamnionitis Inflammation of the chorion and amnion Choriocarcinoma Cancer of the chorion
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cleft palate Congenital abnormality in which the roof of the mouth fails to close during prenatal development, leaving a fissure Congenital anomaly Abnormality present at birth
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Figure 17.8: Cleft palate and lip
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Down syndrome Congenital disorder caused by a genetic defect in chromosome 21 Results in degrees of mental retardation and other physical defects Also called trisomy 21
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Down Syndrome Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Down Syndrome. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Eclampsia Condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus
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Figure 17.9: Ectopic pregnancies
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Figure 17.10: Ectopic pregnancy: abdominal
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Embryotocia Expulsion, or abortion, of the embryo Erythroblastosis fetalis Condition of newborns in which RBCs are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood May occur when Rh-negative mother has previously had an Rh-positive child
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Figure 17.11: Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Esophageal atresia Congenital absence of part of the esophagus Results in inability to swallow or digest food Requires surgical correction
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Figure 17.12: Esophageal atresia
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Fetal alcohol syndrome Condition caused by alcohol ingestion during pregnancy Can cause brain dysfunction and growth abnormalities in the newborn Abbreviated FAS
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Hyaline membrane disease Diseases of newborns, particularly of premature infants, in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature by birth Lungs may collapse and may be followed by death Also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, or RDS
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Hysterorrhexis Rupture of the uterus Microcephaly Congenital abnormality of a small head Omphalitis Inflammation of the umbilicus
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Omphalocele Congenital herniation at the umbilicus Segment of small intestine pushes through abdominal wall Placenta previa Abnormal attachment of placenta in lower portion of uterus Obstructs birth canal opening
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Figure 17.13: Placenta previa
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Preeclampsia Abnormal development of high blood pressure during pregnancy May be accompanied by proteinuria and edema, all due to toxemia during pregnancy Also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, or PIH
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of preeclampsia. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Rubella Acute disease caused by rubella virus May produce abnormalities in prenatal development Also called German measles Salpingocyesis Embryo implants within the fallopian tube A form of ectopic pregnancy
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Spina bifida Congenital defect of the vertebral column Absence of vertebral arches Often leads to a severe inflammation of the spinal meninges
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Figure 17.14: Spina bifida
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Toxoplasmosis Caused by the bacterium Toxoplasma gondii May be contracted by exposure to animal feces, most commonly from household pets such as cats Can cross placental blood barrier, causing birth defects or miscarriage
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Abortifacient Drug that induces abortion Amniocentesis Surgical puncture to aspirate, and analyze, a small amount of amniotic fluid to detect possible fetal abnormalities
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Figure 17.15: Amniocentesis
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Figure 17.15 (continued): Amniocentesis
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Amniography X-ray imaging of the amnion after injecting a contrast medium Image: amniogram
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Amnioscopy Examination of amniotic fluid and the fetus with an amnioscope, which is introduced into the cervical canal Amniotomy Incision through the amnion, which ruptures the membrane as an inducement to labor
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cesarean section Surgical delivery by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus Abbreviated C-section
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Delivery of Infant—C-section Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on C-section infant delivery. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Embryology Study of embryonic development Episiotomy Incision through the perineum, often during labor, to prevent its tearing Fetometry Measurement of size of fetus
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Figure 17.16: Episiotomy
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Figure 17. 17: Fetometry Source: Callen, P. W
Figure 17.17: Fetometry Source: Callen, P.W. Ultrasonography on obstetrics and gynecology (2nd ed., p. 50). Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Geriatrics Medical discipline concerned with old age Gerontologist Physician who practices in the field of gerontology Gerontology Medical discipline concerned with the effects of aging Abbreviated GER
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Obstetrical sonography Ultrasound imaging of the pregnant uterus to observe fetal development Image: sonogram Obstetrician Physician who practices in the field of obstetrics
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Figure 17.18: Obstetrical sonography
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Figure 17.18 (continued): Vaginal ultrasound probe
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Figure 17.19: Sonogram Source: Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Obstetrics Medical discipline concerned with prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the 42-day period following childbirth Abbreviated OB
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Postpartum Assessment Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of postpartum assessment. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pediatrician Physician who practices in the field of pediatrics Pediatrics Medical discipline concerned with infancy, childhood, and adolescence Abbreviated PED
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pelvimetry Measurement of a mother’s pelvis to determine the potential size of the birth canal Thalidomide Drug administered to pregnant women for a brief period during the 1950s that has been shown to cause dramatic birth defects in their infants, including underdevelopment of arms and legs
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Therapeutic abortion Termination of pregnancy by surgery or drugs Abbreviated TAB Tocolytic agent Drug used to stop labor contractions
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Pharmaceuticals Abortifacients Anesthetics Corticosteroid creams
Fertility agents Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Oral contraceptive pills Oxytocin
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Abbreviations C-section DOB EDD GER HMD LMP NB
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Abbreviations (cont.) OB OB/GYN PED PIH RDS SAB TAB
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Classroom Response System
Pretest
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What is the meaning of the prefix nulli-?
many none after the number nine
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What is the meaning of the prefix nulli-?
many none after the number nine
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Which is the combining form meaning pregnancy?
obstetr/o gravid/o omphal/o puerper/o
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Which is the combining form meaning pregnancy?
obstetr/o gravid/o omphal/o puerper/o
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A pregnant woman who has been previously pregnant one or more times is described as being:
nulligravida puerpera gravidopuerperal multigravida
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A pregnant woman who has been previously pregnant one or more times is described as being:
nulligravida puerpera gravidopuerperal multigravida
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The period of a mother’s life from the termination of labor to the return of a reproductively capable uterus is: puerperium primigravida senescence nulligravida
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The period of a mother’s life from the termination of labor to the return of a reproductively capable uterus is: puerperium primigravida senescence nulligravida
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The developing human from the eighth week after conception to the moment of birth is called:
embryo fetus neonate amnion
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The developing human from the eighth week after conception to the moment of birth is called:
embryo fetus neonate amnion
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What is a breech presentation during childbirth?
the child is delivered during childbirth the child is delivered through cesarean section the child is delivered normally the child is delivered buttocks, feet, or knees first
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What is a breech presentation during childbirth?
the child is delivered during childbirth the child is delivered through cesarean section the child is delivered normally the child is delivered buttocks, feet, or knees first
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Classroom Response System
Post-test
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pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist
Which of the following is a physician that specializes in the field of prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the period before childbirth? pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist
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pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist
Which of the following is a physician that specializes in the field of prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the period before childbirth? pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist
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A false pregnancy is called a:
dystocia pseudocyesis amniocentesis polyhydramnios
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A false pregnancy is called a:
dystocia pseudocyesis amniocentesis polyhydramnios
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A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is known as:
amniorrhexis abruptio placentae choramnionitis polyhydramnios
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A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is known as:
amniorrhexis abruptio placentae choramnionitis polyhydramnios
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ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele
What is the condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy? ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele
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ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele
What is the condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy? ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele
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therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy
What is the term for a surgical delivery performed by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus? therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy
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therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy
What is the term for a surgical delivery performed by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus? therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy
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