1. Reduced expression of VAChT increases renal fibrosis
Reinaldo Correia Silva, Fernanda Fernandes Terra, Yuri Felipe Guise, Marco Antônio Máximo Prado, Vânia Ferreira Prado, Meire Ioshie Hiyane, Denise Maria Avancini Costa Malheiros, Carla Maximo Prado, Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara, Tarcio Teodoro Braga 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages (September 2016)
DOI: /j.pathophys
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Quantification of weight loss, renal function and renal fibrosis in control and VAChT KDhom mice. Weight loss in VAChT KDhom and WT mice after UUO surgery (A). Renal function of control and VAChT KDhom mice was assessed by proteinuria/creatininuria ratio in kidney pelvis at 7days after UUO and normalized by the ratio before surgery (B). Hydroxyproline levels were measured in renal tissue at day 7 and normalized by the level found before UUO (C). Measurement of fibrosis through type I collagen mRNA expression (D) and sirius red staining (E and F) at 7days after surgery in control and VAChT KDhom. Photomicrographs of kidneys stained with HE, demonstrating tubular dilatation and epithelium flattening (G). Gene expression was normalized by HPRT and control sham animals were used as 1. In F and G, the bars represent 50μm in all photomicrographs. Sirius red staining deposition is represented by the percentage of stained area out of the total area in the field. N=6 animals per group. ANOVA, with Tukey post-test, *p<0.05.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Analysis of gene expression and infiltrating cells in renal tissue of control and VAChT KDhom mice. mRNA expression of TGF-β (A), CTGF (B), TNF-α (C), IL-6 (D) and HMGB-1 (E) in the kidneys of control and VAChT KDhom mice at 7days after UUO. The mRNA was normalized to HPRT expression and compared to control sham group. Flow cytometry of obstructed kidneys at 7days after UUO, showing the frequency of CD11b+CD206+ (D), F4/80+TNF-α+ (E), CD4+p40(IL12/23)+ (F) and CD4+IL-17+ (G) cells. N=6 animals per group. ANOVA, with Tukey post-test, *p<0.05.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
PNU treatment improves renal fibrosis and inflammation after UUO in VAChT KDhom mice. After the UUO surgery control and VAChT KDhom mice were submitted to PNU or its vehicle treatment once a day for 7days. Renal function was assessed by proteinuria/creatininuria ratio in kidney pelvis at 7days after UUO and normalized by the ratio before surgery (A). Fibrosis formation was assessed and quantified by Sirius red staining (B and C) and α-SMA deposition (D). mRNA expression of type I collagen (E), IL-6 (F) and TNF-α (G) were analyzed in obstructed kidneys at 7days after UUO. Gene expression was normalized by HPRT and control sham animals were used as 1. In B, the bars represent 50μm in all photomicrographs. Sirius red staining and α-SMA deposition are represented by the percentage of stained area out of the total area in the field. N=6 animals per group. ANOVA, with Tukey post-test, *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p< α-SMA, α-Small Muscle Actin.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions