1. Chapter 8-1 Energy for life
A. Every organism requires energy (E) for biological work.

2. B. Biological Work Includes:
Active transport
2. Photosynthesis
3. Mitosis
4. Protein Synthesis (making proteins)

3. C. Energy Comes From Food Glucose(C6H12O6)
1. Autotrophs (producers) Ex.______ produce their own glucose/food. a. by the process photosynthesis (PS) b. Energy for making glucose comes from the sun (ultimate source of E for all organisms)

4. 2. Heterotroph (consumers) Organisms that
2. Heterotroph (consumers) Organisms that cannot produce their own food.
a. Glucose is broken down in mitochondria to make energy molecule (ATP). b. Cellular Respiration (CR)= process of breaking down glucose to make ATP (energy molecule) in organisms.

5. D. ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate
1. Can be compared to a (fully charged battery)

6. 2. Composed of 3 parts: a. adenine(amino acid) b. ribose (sugar)
c. 3 Phosphate groups

7. 3. Energy is in the phosphate BONDS of the ATP molecule
What forms the bond?
ELECTRONS

8. E. When a phosphate bond is broken:
1. Energy is released
2. ADP is produced

9. F. ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate
1. Differs from ATP b/c only phosphates
2. Can be compared to a Low charged
battery

11. 3. ADP Can be recharged back to ATP by adding back the 3rd phosphate (P)

12. G. ATP is the ONLY useable energy molecule in the cell
1. ALL food energy must be converted to ATP!!!!!
2. GLUCOSE is the most easily converted.

13. H. FUN FACT 
1 billion
1. Your body uses ATP per minute.
2. To meet this you should consume approx Calories everyday.
3. Different foods have different amounts of energy.

14. I. Which organic compound do you think has the most energy per gram4
1. Carbohydrates=______ Cal/gram 2. Proteins= ______Cal/gram 3. Fat=_____Cal/gram 4.How many calories/gram does water have? No calories! 4 9

15. CHAPTER 8-2
Photosynthesis

16. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?

17. I. Experiments
A. VanHelmont-1643
1. Wondered what made up the mass of a tree- because the only thing he added was water.
2. He did not take in account for carbs(glucose) produced during photosynthesis.

18. 3. Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to
the mass of his tree
was something he
couldn’t see…
__________________ from the air.
carbon dioxide
4. Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
water
carbon
Carbohydrates

19. B. Priestly-1771 4. We now know it was …____________ OXYGEN
1. Lit a candle- put jar over it – flame goes out
2.If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle would stay lit.
live plant
3. The plant produced something
“required for burning” that
the candle used up
4. We now know it was …____________
OXYGEN

20. C. Ingenhaus-1779
1. Showed that the effect that Priestly observed occurred only when plant is exposed to light.
2. Determined that plants need light to produce oxygen

21. D.THE BIG PICTURE 1. These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in
the presence of light, plants transform
CO2 and water into glucose and release
oxygen.

22. E. Mayer – 1845
1. Determined that plants convert light energy (sun) to chemical energy (glucose)

23. F. Calvin
1. Determined the biochemical pathway that Carbon follows to form glucose.
2. The pathway (cycle) is named after him -Calvin Cycle.

24. II. Photosynthesis Equation
A. PS uses (reactants):
1. Water
2. Carbon Dioxide (thanks to us) 
B. In the presence of:
1. Sunlight
2. Chlorophyll
B. PS makes (products)
1. Glucose (for cell)
2. Oxygen (given off as waste) lucky us 

25. C. THE EQUATION THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!!!!!!!
6 Carbon dioxide
6 WATER
glucose
6 Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
CHLOROPHYLL
6 CO2
6 H2O →
C6H12O6
6 O2
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
CHLOROPHYLL

26. chlorophyll light energy D. In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy

27. III. Pigments and Reactions
Chlorophyll-
1. Traps the E from sunlight
2. Transfers the E to the e (electrons) in chlorophyll
3. They are now called “ high
energy” e-’s

28. Photosynthesis consumed
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
consumed
Product Y
Reaction 1 →
Product → X
Reaction 2 →
A series of reactions linked in this way is
referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway

29. Chapter 8-3
Light Dependent and
Light Independent
Reactions

30. I. Basic Photosynthesis
A. Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
B. The basic equation for photosynthesis is as follows:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight

31. II. Photosynthesis Equation
A. USES: (reactants)
1. 6 Carbon Dioxide molecules(thanks to us) 
2. 6 Water molecules
B. IN THE PRESENCE OF
1. Sunlight
B. TO MAKE: (products)
1. 1 Glucose (for cell) molecule
2. 6 Oxygen molecules (given off as waste) lucky us 

32. III. Chloroplasts 1. Traps the E from sunlight.
A. Organelle where PS takes place in autotrophs
B. Contains chlorophyll (pigment that “traps” light)
1. Traps the E from sunlight.
2. Transfers the E to the electrons (e-) in chlorophyll.
3. They are then called “high energy” electrons

33. Inside a
chloroplast

34. Components of Chloroplast
Thylakoid – Saclike photosynthetic membranes
Light-dependent reactions occur here
Granum –single stack of thylakoids
Grana- All of the Granum in one Chloroplast
Stroma – Region outside the thylakoid membrane
Reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur here

35. C. LIGHT DEPENDENT: reactions take. place in the thylakoid membranes
C. LIGHT DEPENDENT: reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplast.
D. LIGHT INDEPENDENT (dark/Calvin): reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplast.

36. PLANT CELL -
High Energy Sugar
Glucose

37. IV. Light Dependent Reactions
A. Requires light and water
B. Takes place in the Thylakoid

38. C. Uses energy from sun to form:
1. ATP- ( recharged ADP + P from Calvin cycle) used in the Calvin cycle.
2. Create NADPH- from NADP+:
NADP+ comes from the Calvin cycle and it’s job is to carry the high energy electrons and the H (from water splitting) to form NADPH-
3. Oxygen gas : waste given off to environment (remember it came from the water splitting)

39. D. Water is split to produce:
1. Oxygenwaste
2. Hydrogenused to convert NADP+ to form NADPH- which is used in the e- transport chain.

40. III. Light Independent (dark) Reactions
A. also called Calvin Cycle
B. Produces high energy sugars (glucose)
C. Uses ATP and NADPH- (from light reactions) to convert CO2 (from air) into
glucose.
D. Does not require light-uses E from ATP

41. IV. Factors that Affect rate of PS
A. No water = No NADPH
If no NADPH = No Glucose
B. Temperature- enzymes sensitive to extreme temperatures
C. Light Intensity:
in light = in PS (to a certain point)

42. Summary Light Dependent Reaction
Uses: Water + Light
To Make: ATP + NADPH- + (O2 as waste)
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
Uses: CO2 + ATP + NADPH-
To Make: glucose
***GLUCOSE IS MADE DURING DARK REACTIONS NOT LIGHT!!!!