1. Introduction to the Kingdoms Packet #5
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2. Diversity How are organisms related? How are organisms different?
How and why do we divide organisms into groups?
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3. Classification
Provides scientists with a means for sorting and grouping these organisms for easier study
Names and orders organisms in a logical order.
Taxonomy
The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups
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4. Taxonomy Kingdoms Phylums Class Order Family Genus Species
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5. Nomenclature
In order to keep track of millions of species that have been discovered and classified, a system of naming (nomenclature) has been developed that uses the scheme of classification as its basis.
System of naming uses two names
Binomial nomenclature
Devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century
GENUS--always capitalized
Species--always lowercase
Latin
Homo--Human
sapian--Wise
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6. Important Vocabulary Autotroph Heterotroph
Organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms.
Two classes
Chemoautotroph
Produce food/energy from chemicals found in their environment
Photoautotrophs
Produce food/energy from light via photosynthesis
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
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7. Important Vocabulary Prokaryote Eukaryote
An organism (cell) that lacks membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
An organism (cell) with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles
These cells are present in plants, fungi, animals--hence these organisms are called eukaryotes
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8. Kingdoms The class will be introduced to the 6 Kingdom System
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9. Kingdom Archaebacteria
“archae” means ancient
Extremely old group
These bacteria survive in extreme environments
Structure/Shape
Prokaryotes
Rods
Spirilla (spiral)
Cocci
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10. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Nutrition
Autotrophs
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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11. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Examples
Chemoautotrophs
Methanogens
Live in the deep areas of the ocean where there is no sunlight
Thermophiles
Photoautotrophs
Halophiles
Live in some of the most extreme conditions
Great Salt Lake (Utah)
Dead Sea
Salt content is extremely high in these bodies of water
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12. Kingdom Eubacteria Known as the “disease causing agents”
Only a few of these organisms actually cause diseases
Structure/Shape
Prokaryotes
Rods
Spirilla (Spiral)
Cocci
Bacilli
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13. Kingdom Eubacteria Nutrition Oxygen Requirement Movement Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Oxygen Requirement
Aerobic
Require oxygen for respiration
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen
Movement
Via flagella
Also found on sperm
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14. Kingdom Eubacteria Examples Rickettsias Cyanobacteria
Carried by ticks, fleas or flies
Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Cyanobacteria
Converts Nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrates or nitrites
Remember the Nitrogen Cycle?
Found in the rice patties of Asia (where rice is grown)
Rice feeds 75% of the human population
Some species produce toxins dangerous to humans
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15. Kingdom Eubacteria Examples Clostridia Clostridium tetani
Causes tetnus
Clostridium perfringens
Causes gas gangrene
Causes food poisoning
A spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can contaminate meat left at room temperature. The ingested cells release toxin in the digestive tract, resulting in cramps and diarrhea
Clostridium botulinum
Causes botulism
Used in botox injections
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16. Clostridum perfringens
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17. Gas Gangrene Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018
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18. Kingdom Protista Details to come in Packet #6
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19. Kingdom Fungi Considered as the “kingdom of lower plants
Organisms live as parasites, symbionts or saphrophytes
Structure/Shape
Unicellular or Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Contain cell walls with no cellulose
Reproduction
Asexual and/or Sexual Reproduction
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20. Kingdom Fungi
Some are pathogenic to humans and plants because they release poisonous toxins
Superficial Mycoses
Ring worm
Caused by Tinea nigra
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Lesions that appear at the site of inoculation/infection
Ergot (Plants)
Fungus that infects various cereal plants
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21. Kingdom Fungi Examples Positive impacts of Fungi Phylum Zygomycota
Bread mold
Phylum Ascomycota
Yeasts
Yeast infection anyone?
Positive impacts of Fungi
Source of antibiotics
Penicillin
Source of vitamins and enzymes
Used in the production of alcohol, vinegar and cheese.
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22. Kingdom Fungi Division Zygomycota
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23. Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota
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24. Kingdom Plante Structure/Shape Mainly autotrophs Eukaryotes
Exception
Venus Fly Trap
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Have cell walls that contain cellulose
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25. Kingdom Plante Reproduction Sexual Asexual Gametophytes
Display “alternation of generations”
Cells alternate between haploid and diplod states
Definition to come later
Asexual
African violets
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26. Kingdom Animalia Structure/Shape Reproduction Heterotrophs Eukaryotes
Multicelluar
Have members without cell walls
Reproduction
Sexual
Humans
Asexual
Hydra
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27. Interaction Between Organisms
Food Chain
The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level starting with producers
Green plant absorbs sunlight
Herbivore consumes plant
Carnivore consumes herbivore
Several more carnivores may be here
Final Link--saprophyte organism
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28. Food Chain Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018
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29. Food Web Interconnected feeding relationships
Map of various food chains connected together
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30. Players of the Food Web I
Organisms in the Food Web can be categorized as follows
Producer
Responsible for trapping sun’s radiant energy
Green Plants; algae
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31. Players of the Food Web II
Consumer
Include
Herbivores
Primary consumer
1st to trap energy trapped by producers
Carnivores
Secondary consumers
Do not have direct access to plant energy
Omnivores
May either be primary or secondary consumers
Primary when they eat plant matter
Secondary when they eat animal matter
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32. Players of the Food Web III
Decomposers
Include saprophytic fungi and bacteria
Responsible for breaking down dead carcasses to simpler forms to be used by other living things
Recyclers
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33. Food Web Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018
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34. Kingdoms… To be Continued
More on Kingdoms Protista, Plante & Animalia to come.
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