1. Chapter 22: The Kennedy and Johnson Years
III. Foreign Policy in the Early 1960’s

2. Objectives
Understand the goals and the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Read to find out about events that led to the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Discover the goals of the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps.
Find out about Cold War conflicts in which Johnson became involved.

3. Bellringer
What do you think should be the goals of our foreign policy?
Quote 751

4. A) The Bay of Pigs Invasion
1959 – Communist Castro overthrew US backed Batista.
USSR backed Castro – US thought revolutions would happen all over Latin America
Kennedy learned of CIA plan to invade Cuba with Cuban nationalists – warned against it (752)

5. Bay of Pigs invasion
Bay of Pigs invasion – Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961.
Invasion was a disaster – Kennedy urged to provide US support – he refused – invasion ended in failure
US lost prestige – Latin America angry for interfering and Europe weary of new President.

6. B) The Berlin Crisis
USSR tries to cut of East Germans fleeing to West Germany
At the Vienna Summit – Kennedy felt bullied by Khrushchev
Kennedy responded by increasing US defense and draft numbers
Khrushchev responded by building the Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall – wall separating Communist and non-Communist Berlin – symbol of the Cold War
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7. C) The Cuban Missile Crisis
U2 spy plane found that the USSR was putting offensive weapons in Cuba
The Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 crisis that arose between the US and the USSR over Soviet attempts to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
Kennedy’s options
Engage in further negotiations with USSR
Invade Cuba
Blockade Cuba (quarantine)
Bomb the Missile Site (surgical strike)

8. Kennedy Decides Military on full alert
Decides on blockade – USSR turns ships around
Khrushchev sends letter asking for US promise not to invade Cuba in return for removing missiles
Next day US receives a second letter demanding that US missiles in Turkey be removed
Kennedy acknowledged first letter – 6 months later, secretly fulfilled second letter – (757)
Limited Test Ban Treaty – US, USSR, UK banned nuclear testing above ground
US and USSR also established a hot line for instant communication between each other to prevent further crisis.

9. D) The Alliance for Progress
Alliance for Progress – vast cooperative effort to satisfy basic needs of people in Latin America for homes, work, land, health, and schools.
Latin America thought it was a tool of the US to stop spread of communism
failed

10. E) The Peace Corps
Peace Corps – US program that sent volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help develop nations around the world
Started by Kennedy in 1961
Promote services such as garbage removal and clean water

11. F) Johnson’s Foreign Policy
US “invade” the Dominican Republic thinking that Communist were taking over and to protect US citizens – elections were held soon after
1963 US had 16,000 “advisors” in Vietnam – Johnson did not want communism to spread
By 1965 – US sending money and troops to prop up South Vietnam

12. Review
What were the goals of the Bay of Pigs invasion, and what was the outcome?
What events led to the Berlin crisis and to the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What were the goals of the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps?
Which Cold War conflicts did Johnson become involved in?