1. Susanne Münstermann Dubai, 23 – 24 April 2012
Equine diseases of importance for international movement and trade of horses
Susanne Münstermann
Dubai, 23 – 24 April 2012

2. Overview OIE mandate and objectives
OIE listed equine diseases and conditions for trade
Corresponding diagnostic tests
International movement of horses
Import/export of equines
Risk based approaches
Occurrence of OIE listed diseases in Middle East
Key issues for disease control

3. OIE Mandate
Historical: “To prevent animal diseases from spreading around the world” The 5th Strategic Plan 2011/2015 extends the OIE’s global mandate to: “Improve animal health, veterinary public health, animal welfare, and consolidate the animal’s role worldwide”
OIE was founded in 1924 mainly to combat Rinderpest and Glanders!

4. OIE objectives Collect, analyze and disseminate veterinary information
Ensure transparency in the global animal health situation
Contribute expertise and encourage coordinated approach to disease outbreaks
Strengthen veterinary services
Within its WTO mandate, safeguard world trade through animal health standards
Animal welfare and animal production food safety

5. OIE listed equine diseases and conditions for trade
Section 12 of Terrestrial Code – 11 Equine Diseases Section Multiple Species Diseases affecting equines

6. Di Diagnosis of equine diseases Section 2.5V

7. Sources of disease spread
Historically horses have been moved for different reasons:
Military activities (restocking of cavalry)
Civil wars
Recreation
Slaughter
Trade in semen and embryos
Breeding – “shuttling stallions”
Racing and sporting events (e.g. FEI)
Enormous increase in the last decade!
Cavalry was responsible for outbreak of AHS in New Zealand through horses from RSA
Mexico, Argentina, Kazakhstan the biggest horse meat producers and exporters
Particularly since the technology to keep semen and embryos preservable has progressed so much
Thoroughbred breeding does not allow A.I. and stallions profit from different breeding seasons in the northern and southern hemisphere

8. Jumping: divided up CIOs
Number of events
% 2007 to 2010
Jumping
38%
Endurance
71%
Dressage
35%
Eventing
12%
Reining 2%
Vaulting 1%
Para-olympics
Driving
-1%
Overall, the number of FEI events (for all disciplines) went from the 2000 mark and we expect to reach the 3000 mark in 2012
Jumping: divided up CIOs
71% in endurance: it has increased but because of the new qualification rule for riders and horses and ocs providing for this rule change
Not a great increase in nb of venues. Effect of dividing JR, YH into 3*, somewhat exagerated due to the fact that thje ocs are required to divide the various categories duing their event create new CIS

9. CSI5* EVENTS –
OIE © Peden Bloodstock

10. Horses have become “international jetsetters” almost like their human counterparts

11. INCREASE IN FEI REGISTERED RIDERS PER DISCIPLINE: 2007 - 2010
25% increase in endurance riders
61% increase in riders, increase in CSI 1 and CSI 2* numbers greater of nb of people to compete
A 31% Increase in the number of registered riders overall from 2007 to 2010

12. Increase in movement = increase in risk of disease spread
How do countries deal with this increased risk?
Zero – risk approach
Unduly high restrictions for pre- and post importation requirements, often
exceeding stipulations in the OIE Terrestrial Code
“sub-population” concept
e.g. free movement of EU registered horses in the EU (TRACES).
e.g. Guadalajara meeting
e.g. OIE – FEI meeting
EU incl Norway and Switzerland
TRACES = Trade control and export system

13. Risk related considerations
Temporary or permanent import
Respiratory route transmitted diseases are important for both! (EI, E. Rhinopneumontis, strangles, glanders)
Diseases with carrier status permanent
CEM, EVA, dourine
Veneral transmission risk associated with breeding animals (EVA, EHV-3, T. equigenitalis, T.equiperdum)
Carriers of intermediate stage of parasite (larvae of botfly – cause of screwworm myiasis)
EAV also in semen!

14. OIE listed Equine diseases Reported in the Middle East
During 2005 – 2011
7 diseases out of 11 listed
AHS not reported in this period, but occurred previously (, Lebanon 1960, Jordan 1962, Iran, Iraq, Turkey 1963, Yemen and SA 1997)

15. Glanders Glanders_video_2005_2011_02_11_2011.avi
Reporting of Glanders was made compulsory in France in 1784!!
Glanders_video_2005_2011_02_11_2011.avi

16. Key issues to be addressed
Veterinary Certification
Has to be reliable
Has to be according to Chapter 5.10, Terrestrial Code plus Disease specific Chapter
More collaboration between VS and industry
Laboratory tests
Has to be reliable and comparable
Has to be according to Terrestrial Manual, prescribed/alternative tests
There is need for standardisation of tests under OIE guidance

17. More general Key issues
Sound knowledge of the country/zone disease status
Identification of all equine diseases presence in the country, their geographical distribution
Set up surveillance system, incl vector surveillance in accordance with Terrestrial Code Chapter 1.4 and 1.5
Consideration about country/zonal freedom of specific equine diseases
E.g. self-declaration of freedom (chapter 1.6)
Self declaration as was done by Kuwait for Glanders
More on these principles will be given in other presentations

18. Thank you for your attention
Organisation mondiale de la santé animale
World Organisation for Animal Health
Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal
12 rue de Prony, Paris, France - –