1. Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology

2. What is A&P
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Gross anatomy
Microanatomy
Developmental

3. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular system 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.1

4. Figure 1.2 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Feces
Urine
Figure 1.2

5. Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
Movement (contractility)
Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Digestion
Metabolism:
Catabolism and anabolism
Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Reproduction
Growth

6. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature
Affects rate of chemical reactions
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

7. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
a dynamic state of equilibrium
Positive and Negative feedback
Under constant change
Neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Control center
Effector

8. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 4 3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Control Center
Afferent pathway
Efferent pathway 2
Receptor
Effector 5
Receptor detects change.
Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1
IMBALANCE
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
IMBALANCE
Figure 1.4

9. Temperature-sensitive Temperature-sensitive
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Sweat glands activated
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises
BALANCE
Stimulus
Body temperature falls
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Efferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Shivering
begins
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Figure 1.5

10. Body Cavities

11. Serous Membranes
Line cavities and cover organs-linings are kept separate by the serous fluid secreted by these linings.
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

13. Organ Systems

14. The Language of A&P
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

17. Body Sections

18. Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(a) Lateral view
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b

19. Abdominopelvic Regions

20. Abdominopelvic Quadrant

21. Common Body Regions

22. Time???? Aging occurs at every level from organism down to molecular.
3rd decade- begin to notice that joints stiffen, grey hair, fine lines and wrinkles…really old for women who want kids
4th-5th decade- adult onset disorders like High BP, diabetes, heart disease, cancer ect….
6th decade-grayer and whiter hair, more and deeper wrinkles, vaccinations do not work as well
Loss of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fat cause wrinkles.
Cell reach end of predetermined cell divisions as telomeres wear away
Cell division is impaired so wound healing becomes a problem and cancer more likely

23. Have less mitochondria= less energy
Free radicals increase in number and destroy cellular organelles
Genetics will help us better understand