1. Cells structure and specialized roles

2. A section through a liver cell (animal cell):
cell membrane
nucleus
controls what enters and leaves the cell
contains the DNA and so controls the cell
cytoplasm
DNA
metabolic (chemical) reactions occur here
contains the coded instructions to make proteins

3. Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell)
chloroplast
cell membrane
large sap vacuole
nucleus
cellulose cell wall
cytoplasm

4. CELLS
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast

5. Red blood cells transport oxygen
cytoplasm contains no nucleus
cell surface membrane
allows more room for haemoglobin
cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules
bi-concave disc shape
increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

6. Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body
Muscle cells have many nuclei and large no: of mitochondria.
nucleus
cell surface membrane
protein strands
The strands of protein (Actin and Myosin) slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract

7. Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs
Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs
nucleus
magnification X3000

8. Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant
xylem vessels are continuous tubes
xylem vessel
no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions
lignin
water-proof and strong;
helps support the plant
longitudinal section
cross-section

9. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell
cell membrane
semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell
cytoplasm
contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed
root hair cell
increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

10. CELLS
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast

11. All cells have these features in common:
a nucleus
contains genetic material which controls the cell's behaviour.
cytoplasm
where chemical processes (controlled by enzymes) take place
a cell membrane
which controls what passes into and out of the cell
In addition, plant cells have the following unique features:
a rigid cell wall made of cellulose
to strengthen the cell
vacuoles
to store cell sap
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll which enables photosynthesis to take place.