1. The War of 1812
Objective 1.03

2. Objective 1.03
Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Great Britain, France, and other nations.

3. The failure of peaceful coercion
Why was the U.S. worried about being drawn into war?
Great Britain and France were fighting the Napoleonic Wars.
Both sides interfere with American shipping
American answer?

4. Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson and Dem.-Republicans stop trade with all other nations
Why?
Peaceful coercion – hoped that British and French would begin respecting American neutral shipping rights.
Prevent further violations of U.S. honor.

6. Did the Embargo Act work?
NO!!!
Hurt New England trade.
Replaced in 1809 with Non-Intercourse Act – prohibited trade with just Great Britain and France.
PEACEFUL COERCION FAILS!

7. L. Madison’s Gamble Non-Intercourse Act expired in 1810
Congress’s Plan (Macon’s Bill No. 2)
Introduced to GB & France- you take away your trade restrictions, US would reinstate embargo against other country
Napoleon took deal- no intention of honoring it
Britain didn’t offer to lift restrictions, & Madison had to reinstate the embargo against them

9. What were the British (and French) doing to interfere with American shipping?
Stopping ships and drafting American sailors into the British navy – “looking for deserters”
Called Impressment

11. Who was ready to fight?
War Hawks – Congressmen from the South and West were spoiling for a fight with Great Britain.
Why?
They wanted to assert American maritime and commercial sovereignty
Also accused British of inciting Indian attacks.
Led by Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC)

12. Who Wanted War?

13. War Hawks’ hidden motive…
EXPANSION!!
Thought that war with Great Britain would bring possible conquest of Canada, Florida, and Texas.

14. Who didn’t want war?
New England Federalists
Would hurt their economy

15. “Mr. Madison’s War”

16. Madison’s reluctant call for war
H of R – 79 to 49
Senate – 19 to 13
Every Federalist opposed
80% of Republicans supported
1) protest British Orders in Council
2) stop British impressments of sailors
3) end British encouragement of Indian attacks on frontier
TJ – stop Indian barbarities, conquest of Canada will do this

17. Asked for & received declaration of war in 1812 w/ a close vote
Split on sectional & partisan lines
Feds. & Northerners didn’t want war
Didn’t like France
Didn’t want more agrarian states from Canada

18. U.S. declares war
June 18, 1812
American strategy: Invade Canada

19. America loses often in first year
Defeated at Detroit, on the Niagara frontier, and near Lake Champlain
U.S. does well in naval engagements
Constitution

20. American Heroes of the War
Oliver Hazzard Perry
Battle of Lake Erie
William Henry Harrison
Battle of the Thames (and Tippecanoe)
Andrew Jackson
Battle of New Orleans (after war was over)

22. Tecumseh and the Prophet
T & P- Shawnee brothers ready to fight white settlers
General William Henry Harrison- Battle of Tippecanoe
Defeated Prophet & became war hero
Pushed Tecumseh into alliance w/ British

23. Election of 1812

24. Washington Burns
1814 – British occupy Washington – James Madison, his wife, and Congress forced to flee

26. Fort McHenry
Soon after burning Washington, British forces headed for Baltimore
Defended by Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key writes “Defence of Fort McHenry” while watching the bombardment of the fort from a British ship (Sept , 1814)
Becomes “Star-Spangled Banner” – becomes National Anthem in 1931

34. American morale? Sinks after burning of Washington,
Boosts with victory on Lake Champlain

35. Hartford Convention (1814)
Secret meeting of New England Federalists
Some delegates urged secession
Convention hoped to increase states’ autonomy – Federalists? States’ Rights? Isn’t this Democratic-Republican?
Made irrelevant by the end of the war
Spelled doom for the Federalist party

37. Peace negotiations Discussed peace at Ghent, in Belgium
Treaty of Ghent signed on December 24, 1814
Mutual restoration of captured territory
Basically, no change

38. Battle of New Orleans
January 8, 1815 – Andrew Jackson’s troops soundly defeated the British.
Why after the peace treaty?

39. Factors leading to the decline of the Federalist Party
Alien and Sedition Acts
Refusal to involve in campaigns directed towards common man
Louisiana Purchase and westward expansion opens land for farmers (Dem.-Repub. Supporters)
Hartford Convention – Federalists discuss separate peace with England

40. Causes of the War of 1812
British aid to Native American resistance of US
British violate U.S. shipping rights (impressment, etc)
“War Hawks” urge war with Great Britain
Effect: Treaty of Ghent brings peace – doesn’t really change anything or address issues