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The Tissue Level of Organization

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Presentation on theme: "The Tissue Level of Organization"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Tissue Level of Organization
Chapter 3

2 Tissue Definition – an aggregation of cells in which each cooperates with all others in the performance of a given function Examples of general functions Movement Protection Support Production of chemicals

3 Principal Tissue Types
Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

4 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Epithelial Tissue Functions Coverings and linings Forms glands Characteristics Closely packed cells Basement membrane Nerves Avascular Cell growth and replacement by mitosis Classification Simple or stratified Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

5 Epithelia of Coverings and Linings

6 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium Highly adapted to diffusion, osmosis, & filtration Stratified Squamous Epithelium Surface layer is flat Function - protection Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

7 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Cuboidal Epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Lines glands and their ducts Function – secretion and absorption Stratified Cuboidal epithelium Surface layer cube-shaped Function – protection Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

8 Transitional Epithelium
Can be stretched Lines hollow structures that expand Function – prevents rupture of organ

9 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Columnar Epithelia Simple columnar epithelium Functions – protection, absorption, secretion Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Appear stratified but all cells connect to the basal lamina Functions – protection, secretion Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

10 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Appear stratified but all cells connect to the basal lamina Functions – protection, secretion

11 Glandular Epithelium Gland – 1 or more cells Function – secretion
Unicellular gland – goblet cell Multicellular – secretory sheets or groups of cells Serous Mucous Mixed Cytogenic Function – secretion Types Exocrine – to surface or ducts Endocrine – to blood

12 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion
Merocrine Secretion is released by exocytosis Apocrine Residual name Mainly merocrine Secretion is released by pinching off of vesicles Holocrine Secretion is released by entire cell bursting Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

13 Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue Functions are varied
Characteristics Specialized cells, widely scattered Rich blood supply Much matrix Extracellular fibers Ground substance

14 Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic Mesenchymal cells Adult connective tissues Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

15 Embryonic Connective Tissues
FG03_12.JPG Title: Embryonic Connective Tissues Notes: These connective tissue types give rise to all other connective tissue types. (a)Mesenchyme. (b)Mucous Connective Tissue. Keywords: embyronic connective tissue, mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue, mesenchymal cells Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

16 Cell Types Found in Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts Secrete the molecules that form the matrix Ground substance Water and glycoproteins Fibers Fixed cells Fibrocytes Macrophages “Big eaters” May be fixed or wandering

17 Additional Connective Tissue Cells
Adipocytes Fixed fat cells Mesenchymal cells Fixed cells that can divide (mitosis) to replace damaged connective tissue Melanocytes Fixed cells that store melanin Lymphocytes Wandering immune system cells Mast cells Around blood vessels Wandering cells that produce histamine & heparin

18 Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen fibers Most common type White Strong, ropelike Form ligaments, tendons Reticular fibers Thin Woven into rough, flexible network Elastic fibers Yellow Stretch Contain elastin

19 Types of Connective Tissue

20 Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Fibers not abundant Binds epithelia to deeper tissue Contains all 3 types of fibers Examples of locations Between skin and muscles Around digestive tract Around blood vessels Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

21 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Adipose Tissue Most of the volume is adipocytes Provides padding, slows heat loss, food reserve Locations Wherever there is loose connective tissue Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

22 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Reticular Tissue Reticular fibers form a strong network Provides strength and support Lymphatic organs Forms the framework (stroma) of many organs Binds together cells of smooth muscle Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

23 Dense Connective Tissue
Types Dense Regular Connective Tissue Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue

24 Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Lots of collagen fibers in bundles Cells – fibroblasts in rows between bundles Examples Tendons, ligaments Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

25 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Random arrangement of fibers Resists stress Occurs in sheets Locations Periosteum Perichondrium Fibrous capsules of some organs Dermis Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

26 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Elastic Tissue Lots of elastic fibers Fibroblasts in spaces between fibers Provides stretch and strength Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

27 Cartilage Dense network of collagenous fibers & elastic fibers in a gel-like substance Avascular Cells – chondrocytes in lacunae Chondroblasts Perichondrium – surrounds surface of cartilage Growth Interstitial growth Appositional growth

28 Growth of Cartilage FG03_15.JPG
Title: The Formation and Growth of Cartilage Notes: (a)Interstitial growth. (b)Appositional growth Keywords: cartilage, interstitial growth, appositional growth, matrix, chondrocyte, lacuna, perichondrium, fibroblast

29 Types of Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

30 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Hyaline Cartilage Most common Provides flexibility and support Locations Ends of bones Trachea Larynx Embryonic skeleton Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

31 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Fibrocartilage Visible collagenous fibers with scattered chondrocytes Provides strength and rigidity Locations Intervertebral discs Symphysis pubis Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

32 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Elastic Cartilage Threadlike network of elastic fibers with chondrocytes Provides strength and maintains shape Locations Pinna Eustacian tube Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

33 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Solid matrix Cells Osteocytes in lacunae Central canal (Haversian canal) Lamellae Osteon (Haversian system) Canaliculi Periosteum Bone Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

34 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Blood Functions Transport medium Regulation Protection Composition Plasma – fluid Formed elements – cells & cell fragments Erythrocyte Leukocyte Thrombocyte Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

35 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
A Red Blood Cell FG20_02D.JPG Title: Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Notes: (a)Standard red blood smear. (b)Rouleaux formation as red blood cells travel through a capillary. (c)SEM of red blood cells; 3-dimensional structure. (d)Sectional view of red blood cell. Keywords: red blood cell, rouleaux, capillary, sectional view Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

36 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
SEM of RBCs SEMFG20_02C.JPG Title: Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Notes: (a)Standard red blood smear. (b)Rouleaux formation as red blood cells travel through a capillary. (c)SEM of red blood cells; 3-dimensional structure. (d)Sectional view of red blood cell. Keywords: red blood cell, rouleaux, capillary, sectional view Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

37 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Membranes Epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue = epithelial membrane Types Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous membrane Synovial membrane Endothelium Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

38 Fascia Fascia – collective term for sheets of connective tissue
Functions Provide strength and stability Maintain positions of internal organs Provide a route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves 3 types

39 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Types of Fascia Superficial Fascia Adipose tissue and loose connective tissue Immediately deep to the skin Deep Fascia Dense connective tissue Strong internal framework Subserous Fascia Loose connective tissue Between deep fascia and serous membranes Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

40 Muscular Tissue Specialized cells Function - contraction 3 types
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

41 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Skeletal Muscle Connected to bones Striated Multinucleated Voluntary Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

42 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Cardiac Muscle Found in the heart Striations Branched cells Intercalated discs Involuntary Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

43 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Smooth Muscle Found in walls of internal organs Nonstriated Involuntary Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

44 Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Nervous Tissue Specialized cells Function – conduction of electrical impulses Cells Neurons Neurosoma Axon Dendrites Neuroglia Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

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