1. Section 28-1 “Introduction to Physiology”

2. KEY CONCEPT The human body and other organisms have five levels of organization.

3. A. Levels of Structural Organization
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

4. carbon Molecule phospholipid Cell nerve cell Tissue nervous tissue
Examples:
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
carbon
phospholipid
nerve cell
nervous tissue
brain
nervous system
human

5. 1. Atoms combine to form molecules
Ex: sugar, water, protein
Atoms
Molecule

6. 2. Molecules form cells
Cell
Molecules

7. a. Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.
Organisms are made up of specialized cells.
red blood cell
nerve cell

8. Stem cells develop in two stages.
Zygotes first divide into embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells develop in two stages.
determination, or committing to become one cell type
differentiation, or acquiring specialized structures and functions

9. 3. Cells form tissues
Similar cells with a common function form tissues
There are 4 basic tissue types:
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscular
Connective

10. Specialized cells perform specific tasks.
4. Specialized cells function together in tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
Specialized cells perform specific tasks.
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together.
tissue
cell
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

11. 5. Tissues form organs
Two or more tissue types form an organ
An organ is a structure that performs a specific function for the body

12. 6. Organs form Organ Systems
A group of organs which work together for a common purpose is an organ system
Put all the organ systems together and you create an ORGANism
Nervous System
Brain, Spinal Cord, etc.

13. B. Body Systems 1. Integumentary System
Skin is the only organ
Protects from injury
Regulates body temperature
Receptors for temperature, pain, and pressure

14. 2. Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
Supports body
Protection
Storage for minerals (calcium)
Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) takes place in the cavities of skeleton

15. 3. Muscular System Muscles contract (shorten) to cause movement
Skeletal muscles are large, fleshy, and attached to bone
Skeletal muscles – not cardiac or smooth muscle

16. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors
4. Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors
Responds to
irritants or stimuli
Sensory organs detect change
Then they send nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
Then the CNS responds
The CNS assesses the info. and respond by activating the appropriate body muscles or glands

17. Releases hormones to control: Growth Reproduction Food use
5. Endocrine System
Releases hormones to control:
Growth
Reproduction
Food use
Slower than CNS
Hormones are released by endocrine glands and travel through the blood to organs

18. Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels Transport oxygen, etc.
6. Circulatory System
Made of 2 organ systems:
Cardiovascular System:
Heart and blood vessels
Transport oxygen, etc.
Lymphatic System:
Cleanses blood, immunity
Textbook displays these as 2 different systems

19. Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
7. Respiratory System
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Supplies body with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Tiny air sacs called alveoli exchange oxygen with the blood

20. Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood for cells in the body
8. Digestive System
Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood for cells in the body
Bile breaks down fat

21. 9. Urinary System Regulates: Water balance Salt balance
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Removes Nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
Regulates:
Water balance
Salt balance
pH (acid-base) balance
Urea & uric acid result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by body cells

22. 10. Reproductive System Functions to produce offspring
Male testes produce sperm
Male Structures: scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system
Female ovaries produce eggs
Female structures: uterine tubes, vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)

23. All of the organ systems form the organism

24. Activity – Due end of the period Thursday.
You are going to create a mini poster with your table partner. You will make them for 2 organ systems.
Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose points…)
Major Organ System: (Name organ here)
Major Tissues & Organs Primary Function
____________________ ______________
*Must have 2-3 pictures*