1. By: Madeline Doolin, Bailey Hiles & Adrian Burrus
Antacids: All you need to know to pass this test (maybe… but Probably not. We’re all going to fail).
By: Madeline Doolin, Bailey Hiles & Adrian Burrus

2. The Problems
-The stomach maintains a pH of 1-2 due to the secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach wall. The extreme acidic environment allows all enzymes to function properly, digesting food and eliminating bacteria.
-An increased production of stomach acid can cause indigestion, heartburn, ulcers, and dyspepsia.

3. What is an antacid?
An antacid is defined as any alkaline compound used to neutralize stomach acid. Antacids cannot be considered drugs because they don’t intentionally change the body in any way. Antacids are used to treat a plethora of different gastrointestinal related ailments and diseases.

4. History of Antacids
-The ancient Egyptians found relief from gastrointestinal issues by using naturally found “natron”, which mostly consisted of sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate.
-In 1791, Nicolas LeBlanc, a French chemist, was the first to produce baking soda.

5. What does an antacid look like?
Antacids come in many different shapes and forms. With different combinations of cations and organic structures. Each with a different purpose and way of going about neutralizing stomach acid. However, most antacids happen to be either weak carboxylic acids or a form of alcohol. For example, aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate.

6. Types of Antacids: OTC Basics
-For mild symptoms and gastrointestinal issues, many people buy simple OTC antacids, which are typically made of simple compounds which, when reacted in the stomach, help neutralize the excess acid.
-Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, and Aluminum Hydroxide are common compounds used.
-Effectiveness time: a few hours

7. Madeline’s IA -Heat Exposure and Antacids-

8. Types of Antacids: H2-Receptor Antagonists
-Histamine is one of many hormones that play a part in the digestive system. It interacts with H2 receptors in the parietal cells and starts the process of acid secretion.
-Zantac is an example of an H2-Receptor Antagonist, which inhibits the production of acid in the parietal cell.
-Effectiveness Time- 12 hours

9. Types of Antacids: Proton Pump Inhibitors
-Parietal cells pump H+ ions across their membranes and as they do so, they also release K+ ions in the opposite way in order to make sure there isn’t any charge build up. This is possible due to energy from ATPase.
-This entire process is identified as the gastric proton pump.
-Drugs used to inhibit the proton pump directly prevent acid production and therefore, they are the most effective of the three main types of antacids (ex. Prilosec, Nexium, etc.).
-Effectiveness Time: hours

10. Madeline’s Article: -Lifestyle changes-

11. Different Variations of Antacids
Sodium Bicarbonate
Weak and short-acting
High sodium content
Overuse can cause an imbalance in the body’s pH level
Not recommended by doctors
Magnesium Oxide
Readily dissolves
Forms magnesium hydroxide in the presence of acid
Has the same chemistry and pharmacology as magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium Hydroxide
Not absorbed by the stomach. Reacts with the acid to produce magnesium chloride.
High levels of magnesium in the blood can have harmful effects
Effective laxative
Aluminum Hydroxide
Weak and slow acting in comparison
Neutralizing effect varies
Aluminum can protect stomach lining from alcohol and other irritants
Can alter the absorption of other drugs and medicines
Calcium Carbonate
Most potent usable antacid
Can achieve a gastric pH of 9
⅓ of the administered calcium is absorbed
High amount of calcium in the blood stream can risk calcium-containing kidney stones

12. Adrian’s Article Review
Objective: test the concept of relative effectiveness
7 variations came from 7 common brands and labeled AD, AM, AU, AS, AO, AT
Effective antacids are characterized by their ability to react quickly, buffer with a pH between 3 and 6, have a high acid neutralization capacity and cause minimal side effects.
Significant results in favor of AD, although the results may vary in real-life situations
Adrian’s Article Review
Measuring the quantity of HCl neutralized by 7 different antacids in India

13. Methods of Administration
Oral (tablet and liquid)
Injection (in severe, clinical cases)

14. Bailey’s Article: Antacids Clinical Pharmacology
Absorbable antacids, most over-the-counter antacids available, are fast acting and highly dangerous if not taken properly. Absorbable antacids change the pH of the stomach from extremely acidic (around 1 or 2) to a basic solution (anywhere between 7 and 8) within a short period of time. Whereas non-absorbable antacids are slower to react with stomach acid, but are much safer to use.

15. Risks and Side Effects
Short-Term Effects (including, but not limited to):
Diarrhea (Magnesium-based antacids have a laxative effect), flatulence, constipation, stomach cramps, vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, nausea, a change in metabolic rate, swelling, urinary alkalinization, kidney Stones, and increased blood pressure.
Long-Term Effects:
Alzheimer’s
Kidney failure
Issues concerning pregnancies
Damage to the stomach or esophagus

16. Benefits Heartburn relief Help with indigestion
Protection of the esophagus
Treatment of common gastroesophageal diseases (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Treatment of gastric ulcers

17. Social effects
They’re an over-the-counter medication and widely popular. As of March 2015, Americans spent over $1 billion on antacids. Popular because of their fast acting relief to stomach pains and illnesses. However, most are unaware of the risks that come with antacids. Antacids are often used commercially and without much regard to the severity of the ailment nor consumption rate. In reality however, most stomach pains are caused by insufficient stomach acid. By taking antacids much like candy, the user may suffer more by consuming large amounts of neutralizing agents.

18. Patient #1: Beyonce

19. Patient #2: Leonardo DiCaprio

21. Patient #3: Kim Kardashian

22. Works Cited http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108678/
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