1. Aldehydes and Ketones
AH Chemistry, Unit 3(b)

2. Functional group
What is the functional group of the aldehydes and ketones?  

3. Physical properties How do the boiling points compare to alkanes?
Why?
How do the boiling points compare to alcohols?

4. Hydrogen bonding
Can aldehydes and ketones set up hydrogen bonds with each other?
Can they set them up with water?

6. Chemical reactions
What are the characteristic reactions of aldehydes and ketones?
Oxidation / Reduction
Nucleophilic addition
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Which is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack, aldehyde or ketone?
Why?

7. Oxidation
What reagents can be used to oxidise aldehydes?

8. Tollens’ reagent

9. Fehling’s solution

10. Reduction Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to produce alcohols.
The reducing agent of choice is LiAlH4
- lithium aluminium hydride
Able to transfer a hydride ion to the partially positive carbon atom of the carbonyl group
Must be carried out in anhydrous conditions (in ether)

11. Nucleophilic addition
With HCN, producing cyanohydrins.... 1 2 +

12. The cyanohydrins can be hydrolysed to produce hydroxy carboxylic acids

13. Nucleophilic addition-elimination
With hydrazine, H2N-NH2
Produces hydrozones
Also referred to as “condensation”.

14. Specific example 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Produces 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozones

16. These products are “derivatives”.
They are crystalline solids with characteristic melting points.
The melting point of the derivative can be used to identify the original carbonyl compound.