1. International mobility and cooperation: The impact of Bologna
Dr. Christian Bode
Bonn, 7 July 2006

2. CONTENT
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
International Mobility: New EU Programmes
IV. The impact of Bologna: Trends, Challenges

3. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Bologna 1988
Continuing the European humanist tradition
Respect the great harmonies of life
Inseparability of research and training
Intellectual and moral independence
Open to dialogue
Universal knowledge

4. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Bologna 1999
Constructing a European Area of H. E.
International competitiveness of European H. E. system
Compatibility of systems of H. E. in Europe
Easily comparable degrees
Establishment of a system of credits
Co-operation in quality assurance
Bologna-Conference Bergen/Norway 2005

5. European Research Area European Higher Education Area
I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality EU Policy and the Bologna Process
European Union
Lisbon Declaration 2000
"Europe as the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world"
Bologna
Bologna Declaration 1999
Mobility and Quality  
European Research Area
European Higher Education Area

6. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Which Europe?
The EU and ERASMUS Europe
The Europe of the Bologna Process
Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island, Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei
EU-ERASMUS Länder
"Europe" has many definitions. The Europe of ERASMUS includes 31 countries. The Europe of the Bologna Process (the so-called European Higher Education Area) includes 45 signatory countries.

7. Bologna-Conference in Berlin 2003
I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality The Political Goals of Bologna
Political framework for more mobility
removing obstacles to mobility (recognition of degrees and study periods with ECTS and Diploma Supplement, visa and work permits)
facilitating portability of grants and loans (e.g. BAFÖG)
encouraging participation in mobility programmes
Funding of mobility provided by national or EU mobility programmes.
Bologna-Conference in Berlin 2003

8. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Mobility: What?
Study-related stays abroad of minimum 3 months
1. Study abroad
2. Internships
3. Intensive language courses

9. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Mobility: Why?
1. Political/economic reasons
2. Institutional reasons
3. Individual reasons
The ERASMUS Students‘ Experience findings of Kassel (2005):
More than 90% of all students satisfied with study abroad

10. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality Mobility: When?
Germany
Abroad
Master
Bachelor 3 2 1
PHD
Co-tutelle
Master
Bachelor 3 2 1
PHD
Integrated research abroad
Graduate year abroad
months
3 + 1 internal Bachelor
months free study
months abroad

11. 35% of all Students after 3 years
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe German Students abroad: How many?
62.000
35% of all Students after 3 years
Studies: 13,5%
Internship: 13,9%
Language Courses: 7,5%
49.000
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Aim: 50%

12. % Aim: 10% international students in Germany
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe International Students in Germany: How many? %
International Students ( )
German Students ( )
Aim: 10% international students in Germany
In addition there are Students with foreign passports but who are permanent residents in Germany and have graduated at a High School in Germany (so called "Bildungsinländer").

13. 187.000 International Students in Germany
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe Destination Germany: Home Countries
26.000
Vergleichsgruppe besteht aus:
G8-Staaten: Großbritannien, USA, Kanada, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Japan, Russland
andere westeuropäische Staaten: Belgien, Dänemark, Finnland, Niederlande, Spanien, Schweden, Schweiz
andere osteuropäische Staaten: Polen
andere Staaten: Australien, Brasilien, China, Indien, Iran, Israel, Singapur, Südafrika, Südkorea, Taiwan
Source: Federal Statistics Office
International Students in Germany

14. 2,2 Mio. internationale Studierende
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe International Student-flow
Europa %
Europa
14%
N/Amerika
91.668
3,1%
Asien
5,2%
N/Amerika
16,7%
Asien
23,3%
2,2 Mio. internationale Studierende
Australien
Ozeanien
48.298
1,6%
S/Amerika
55.264
1,9%
Australien Ozeanien
15.898
0,5%
S/Amerika
12.678
0,4%
Afrika
6,3%
Afrika
28.070 1%
Source: IIE Open Doors 2003

15. II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe Incoming Students to EURODATA Europe: Where they come from
Source: Eurodata 2006

16. II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe Eurodata Students: Where they go
Source: Eurodata 2006
77.000
Most European Students who study abroad don't leave Europe. A substantial group goes to the US whereas other non-European countries don‘t play a significant role. "Emerging" host countries are Australia and China.

17. 3. Recognition / Transfer 4. Portability of grants 5. Funding
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes How to increase mobility?
1. Information
2. Right of residence
3. Recognition / Transfer
4. Portability of grants
5. Funding

18. III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Right of Residence
EU Law
EU Citizens
Guiding principle of common freedom of movement (laid down in EU Treaty of 2002)
Free movement of workers, freedom of establishment and services
Non-EU Citizens
Schengen Visa (2004)
So called „Student Guideline“ of 2004 (min. 10 hours per week of students)
Non-EU Citizens
Act governing the residence, gainful employment and integration of foreigners (2004) eg. 90 full or 180 half days for students
EU Citizens
Act governing general freedom of movement for EU Citizens (2005)
German Law

19. III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Recognition of Degrees

20. Portability of grants for part of study programme: 18 countries
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Portability of Grants and loans
Portability of grants for part of study programme: 18 countries
Portability of grants for complete study programme: 14 countries
Portability of loans: 12 countries
Prerequisites for the portability of BAföG in Germany:
a study period of one year in Germany before continuing in one of the EU-member-states OR
studies abroad are part of a study-programme by a German and a foreign university with mutual recognition OR
studies abroad fit sensibly into educational background, will be beneficial and can at least be partly recognised within Germany.
Results of an inventory by the Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) in August 2004 in 20 EU Member states plus Norway

21. II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe A new record: 144
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe A new record: Mobile ERASMUS Students in 2004/2005
EU-ERASMUS Länder
Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island, Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei

22. Duration of Stay: approx. 7 month Grant: approx. 110 Euro per month
II. International Mobility in Germany and Europe ERASMUS Mobility: Top Subjects
Duration of Stay: approx. 7 month
Grant: approx. 110 Euro per month

23. Lifelong Learning Programme
International Mobility: New EU Programmes New EU Lifelong Learning Programme ( )
Lifelong Learning Programme
Budget: 6,97 Billion EUR
Higher Education and professional education
3,1 Billion
min. 40 %
ERASMUS
Vocational Training
min. 25%
LEONARDO
DA VINCI
School Education
min. 13 %
COMENIUS
min. 4%
ab 2009
Erasmus
MUNDUS
GRUNDTVIG
Adult Education
Jean Monnet
(Higher Education: European Studies Chairs World-Wide)

24. Total ERASMUS budget (all actions) : ∎ 3,1 Billion EUR for 7 years
International Mobility: New EU Programmes The New ERASMUS Programme (2007 – 2013) – Budget
Total ERASMUS budget (all actions) :
∎ 3,1 Billion EUR for 7 years
∎ Average ERASMUS budget p.a.: 443 Mio EUR (increase of 75% compared to 2006: 253 Mio EUR)
∎ 95% of the ERASMUS budget (424 Mio EUR) will be decentralised and administered by National Agencies (such as DAAD)
∎ Average decentralised ERASMUS budget for Germany: 50 Mio EUR p.a. for all decentralised actions; 2006: 35 Mio. EUR

25. Aim: 3 mio ERASMUS-Students by 2012 accumulated
International Mobility: New EU Programmes Number of Mobile ERASMUS-Students
Aim: 3 mio ERASMUS-Students by 2012 accumulated
 from onwards ERASMUS Students
 until 2013 onwards ERASMUS Students
approx. 8% increase p. a.
For Germany 2013: ~ outgoing ~ incoming

26. Budget p. a. for Higher Education: € 544,5 Mio.
III. International Mobility: New EU-Programmes EU-Programmes for Higher Education worldwide
Mediterranean
TEMPUS-MEDA: € 34,72 Mio.
Europe
ERASMUS: € 252,7 Mio.
LEONARDO: € 31,3 Mio.
TEMPUS C: € 38,42 Mio.
TEMPUS T: € 50,09 Mio.
ERASMUS Mundus: € 68 Mio.
Asia
Asia Link: € 17 Mio.
Asia Pro-Eco: € 5 Mio.
Asia Pro-Eco Post
Tsunami: € 15 Mio.
Vulcanus (Japan):
€1,05 Mio.
North America
EU-USA (ATLANTIS): € 4 Mio. EU-Canada: € 0,73 Mio.
Budget p. a. for Higher Education: € 544,5 Mio.
Latin America
ALFA: € 10,4 Mio. ALßAN: € 11,06 Mio.
Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Region
EDULINK: planned € 5 Mio.

27. V. The impact of Bologna Trends and Challenges
More institutional responsibility for mobility programmes
More „sophistication“ in mobility programmes
- Mobility in University Networks
- Double Degrees

28. V. The Impact of Bologna: Trends and Challenges
More internationality of teaching staff (teacher exchange, language courses for German teachers)
More internationality of administrative staff (training for International Officers, new mobility action for non-teaching staff in ERASMUS)
More internationality in student services (information, language preparation, accommodation, monitoring, academic recognition etc.)

29. V. The Impact of Bologna: Trends and Challenges
Tution fees: obstacle to mobility
Internal organization („AAA“), Staffing and funding