7. Chlorophyll, more like borophyll!

8. Energy-essential to life
-what is it used for?

9. Photosynthesis Equation

10. Biochemical Pathway-series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction

11. Cross Section of Leaf

12. 1st Step of Photosynthesis is the Light Reactions
-this is where light is absorbed by the chloroplasts

15. Paper Chromatography

16. Spinach Chromatography

17. The Light Reactions

18. Chemiosmosis
-depends on a concentration gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane
-high concentration inside thylakoid, low concentration in the stroma
-uses a protein called ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane

19. Chemiosmosis and the ATP Synthase

20. Applications
Many herbicides work by inhibiting photosynthesis by blocking the electron transport in photosystem II
Rising CO2 levels from industry-will this have an impact on plant growth?

21. Big Picture for the Light Reactions
-to make energy (ATP, NADPH) to be used in the dark reactions

22. The Dark Reactions (Light Independent Reactions)
-Can take place at night or when there is no light
-Use energy from the light reactions (ATP, NADPH) to run the Calvin Benson Cycle

23. The dark reactions include the Calvin Benson Cycle where:
Carbon atoms from CO2 are "fixed" into organic compounds (food), and the process is called carbon fixation

24. Alternative Pathways for Carbon Fixation

25. The Calvin Cycle is the most common pathway for plants to "fix" carbon, and these plants are called C3 plants

26. Stomata-small pores usually on the undersurface of leaves, where water, O2, and CO2 pass in and out of plant

27. Examples: corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
C4 Pathway-fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds, during hot part of day, they keep their stomata closed
Examples: corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

28. CAM Pathway-open stomata at night and close them during the day, why?
Examples: cactuses, pineapples, plants in hot, dry environments

29. The Structure of a Leaf · Label the cross-section of a leaf
submitted by Joe Scrivens
· Label the cross-section of a leaf
· Understand the functions of different structures in a leaf

31. Match the structures to their functions
This layer contains palisade cells and is where most of photosynthesis occurs.
This layer has many air spaces.
These cells make wax which covers the top of the leaf and makes water resistant.
Click here to check your answers.
cuticle
palisade layer
spongy mesophyll

32. Match the structures to their functions
This is where air enters and leaves the leaf.
These cells close and open the stomata.
This transports water and minerals
This transports the products of photosynthesis.
Click here to check your answers.
guard cells
phloem
stomata
xylem

33. Answer to the task on page 4
Structure
Function
palisade layer
This layer contains palisade cells and is where most of photosynthesis occurs.
This layer has many air spaces
These cells make wax which covers the top of the leaf and makes it water resistant.
spongy mesophyll
cuticle
Click here to go back.

34. Answer to the task on page 5
Structure
Function
This is where air enters and leaves the leaf.
These cells close and open the stomata.
This transports water and minerals.
This transports the products of photosynthesis.
stomata
guard cells
xylem
phloem
Click here to go back.