1. The causes of the ‘development gap’
Explain and contrast the different views of development
Graph and analyse different development indicators to identify global variations

2. How is this unit examined?
2 ½ hour written exam, including pre-released synoptic resources (4 weeks in advance) Part 1 – 5 out of 6 topics Part 2 – 6th topic in a synoptic context (will pull together aspects of the other 5 topics) 30% of A level

3. 4a. Suggest reasons for the variable progress towards reaching the Millennium Development Goals shown in Figure 4.
(10 marks)
4b. Using examples, evaluate the role trade plays in the development gap.
(15 marks)

4. Starter Using your mini whiteboards suggest the following:
What is the development gap?
How do we measure development?
What indicators can we use?

5. Development What is Development?
Not just the difference between the developed, rich and powerful countries and those less developed. Within each country there are differing levels of prosperity and development
What is it measured by?
GNP
HDI – Human development Index 0-1,
1 being best – uses income per capita, adult literacy, life expectancy.
Development Indicators

6. Views on development The Rostow Model
A study of 15 countries mainly in Europe suggested that all countries had the potential to break the cycle of poverty and develop through 5 stages

7. Stage 1 – Traditional Society
Subsistence economy based on farming with limited technology or capital to develop
Stage 2 – Preconditions to take-off
Often an injection of external help – industries develop and growth of infrastructure. Often single industry will dominate
Stage 3 – Take off
Manu industries grow, airports and roads are built. Political and social changes. Farming will decline. Investment or borrowing increases
Stage 4 – Drive to maturity
Growth should be self-sustaining. Often multiplier effects in similar industry types. Rapid urbanisation
Stage 5 – High mass consumption
Rapid expansion of tertiary services, employment in service industries grow but decline in manufacturing 2 3 4 5 UK
1750
1820
1850
1940
USA
1800
1920
1930
Japan
1880
1900
1950
India
1980 -
Ethiopia

8. Is this model valid?
Model assumes that all countries start off at the same level
Although capital is needed to advance from a traditional society it often brings debt repayments which stop a country developing
Underestimates the extent and impact of colonialism
Predicts too short a timescale between the beginning of growth and becoming self-sustaining

9. Views on development Friedmann’s Core and Periphery Model
Shows how some areas become more economically developed than others and why some regions are more wealthier than others

10. Stages
Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The agricultural society, with localized economies and a small scale settlement structure. Fairly isolated, dispersed and low mobility.
Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the economy in the core begins due to capital and industrial growth. Trade and mobility increase
Stage 3 (Industrial). Due to economic growth other growth centres appear. The main reasons for this are increasing production costs (mainly labour and land) in the core area.
Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes fully integrated and inequalities are reduced significantly.

11. Views on Development The Development Cable
Development is like an electric cable – the power to drive countries from primitive to more advanced states.
Core is economic growth, technology and enterprise.
The Outer is many different aspects of development growth.

12. The Development Pathway
Views on Development
The Development Pathway
Development can also be seen as a pathway.
Countries develop at different speeds and may cluster at different places
What could hinder development?

13. How do we measure development?
Economic Wealth
Measured as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita = dividing the monetary value of all the goods and services provided in a country by its total population
Gross National Income (GNI) – includes income from overseas investments
GDP – preferred by the EU
GNI by the UN and USA
X Only useful in countries which have many economic transactions i.e. ‘market economies’
X Hides extremes and uneven distribution of income between regions or socio-economic groupings
2) Purchasing Power Parity (PPI)
Shows what per capita income will purchase when the cost of living is taken into account. E.g. In China the cost of living is low so $100 will buy far more there than in the USA

14. North South Divide
Brandt Commission in 1981

15. Other criteria 2) Social, cultural and welfare criteria
Human Development Index (HDI) gives a country a score between 0 and 1 and is based on life expectancy, education and income.
Enables anomalies to be spotted and identifies where poverty is greatest
X No measure of human rights or freedom. Is a separate Human Freedom Index in 1991 but has not been done since.
Birth rates
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Lack of clean water
% rural population
Types of employment
Level of literacy
Activity:
Using statistics produce graphs and chlorpleth maps to contrasts in development
Must include GDP and HDI
Choose 3 other indicators
For each indicator ensure you choose 4 or 5 countries contrast

16. Findings
For each of the graphs/maps produce describe the pattern shown, identifying anomalies where appropriate
Suggest reasons for the patterns
This to be completed for homework!

17. Plenary
Why is it hard to measure the development gap? Is the Brandt Line still valid? 300 words

18. Homework
Using p an investigation into what the development gap means for those affected by it in Uganda Complete Over to you questions 1-4 On your own question 6 and exam question