1. Chapter 12:
The New West
And
The Free North

2. Four Changes in American Society fueled Economic Growth
Millions of Americans moved from farms to towns & cities
Factory workers increased to about 20% of the labor force by 1860.
3. A shift from water power to steam as a source of energy raised productivity. 4. Agricultural productivity nearly doubled

3. The
Agricultural
Revolution

4. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

5. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

6. Introduction
of the
Factory System

7. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

8. Manufacturing & Mechanization
Mechanization allowed manufacturers to produce more with less labor
American System
The practice of manufacturing and then assembling interchangeable parts.
Eli Whitney
Geographic economic division:
New England – manufacturing
South – cotton & tobacco
West – wheat, pork, whiskey

9. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

10. The
Transportation
Revolution

11. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

13. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrant labor built the North railroads.
Slave labor built the South railroads.

14. Immigration in
America

15. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860
Why now?

16. Immigration German Irish Skilled tradesmen ¼ were farmers Protestant
Middle class
educated
Irish
Laborers
Potato famine in Ireland
Lower class
Catholic
uneducated

17. American Population Centers in 1820

18. American Population Centers in 1860

19. The
Westward
Movement

20. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

21. “Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

22. Trails Westward

23. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

24. (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
The Mormons
(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Joseph Smith ( )

25. Violence Against Mormons

26. The Mormon “Trek”

27. (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
The Mormons
(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Brigham Young ( )

28. Texas
Independence
( )

29. Gone to Texas Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1823
Granted land to Stephen Austin to bring American families to settle
Friction between Mexicans & Texans increased over slavery, immigration, and local rights
1836- Texans declared their independence

30. Texas Declaration of Independence

31. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston ( )
Steven Austin ( )

32. The Republic of Texas

33. Remember the Alamo!
Santa Anna led Mexican forces into Texas – trapped Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio
Wiped them out
Sam Houston’s small army lured Santa Anna to San Jacinto
Captured Santa Anna & forced him to sign treaties

34. Remember the Alamo!

35. Davy Crockett’s Last Stand

36. The Battle of the Alamo

37. The
Mexican War
( )

38. Why was the annexation of Texas such a controversial policy?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
Why was the annexation of Texas such a controversial policy?

39. Annexation became the leading issue in the 1844 election
Mexico considered Texas a province in revolt; threatened war if America protected Texas
Annexation became the leading issue in the 1844 election
Democrats = pro
Whigs = con
Shortly before President Tyler left office , he signed a resolution making Texas the 28th state

40. The Mexican War ( )

41. General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto
“Old Rough and Ready”

42. The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

43. Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
General Winfield Scott

44. General Scott Enters Mexico City
“Old Fuss and Feathers”

45. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

46. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

47. Results of the Mexican War?
The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).
New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
Manifest Destiny partially realized.

48. The Mexican Cession

49. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
John A. Sutter

50. California Gold Rush, 1849
49er’s

51. Digging for Gold in California