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Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800
Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters,
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On the Brink of a New World
Motives and Means The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) Access to the East The Polos Economic Motives Religious Zeal Centralized Monarchies Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)
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New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope Viceroys Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) Commercial – Military bases Reasons for Portuguese Success Guns Seamanship
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European Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Voyages of the New World
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) Additional Discoveries John Cabot Pedro Cabral Amerigo Vespucci Nun˜ez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) Circumnavigates the Earth Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
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The Spanish Empire in the New World
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica The Maya The Aztecs The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) Moctezuma (Montezuma) Aztec Empire overthrown
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The Spanish Empire (Cont)
The Inca and the Spanish Pachakuti Inca buildings and roads Francisco Pizarro (c – 1541) Smallpox Incas overthrown (1535) Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomienda Viceroys The Church
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Africa: The Slave Trade
Sugar Cane and slavery Growth in the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries High death rate during transit Prisoners of War Depopulation of African kingdoms Political effects of slave trade Criticism of Slavery Society of Friends = Quakers
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Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy.
As the trade in slaves grew, it became a part of the triangular trade route that characterized the Atlantic economy, involving the exchange of goods and slaves between the western coast of Europe, the slave depots on the African coast, and the ports of North and South America. What were the important source regions for slaves, and where were most of the slaves taken? Map 14-2, p. 423
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The West in Southeast Asia
Portugal Spain The Dutch and the English Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)
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The Sale of Slaves. In the eighteenth century, the slave trade was a highly profitable commercial enterprise. This painting shows a Western slave merchant negotiating with a local African leader over slaves at Gorée, Senegal, West Africa, in the late eighteenth century. © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France//Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library p. 425
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The French and the British in India
The Mughal Empire The Impact of the Western Powers Portugal England The Dutch and the French Sir Robert Clive The East India Company Battle of Plassey (1757)
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The Mughal Empire. p. 427
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The Dutch in Southeast Asia
Along with the English, better financed than the Portuguese Gradually pushed the Portuguese out of the spice trade. Occupied most of their forts, Ceylon and Malacca Had political and military control Dutch East India Company By 18th century, had all of Indonesia
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Southeast Asia, c p. 426
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17th century view of Batavia, on the north coast of Java
Europe in Asia. As Europeans began to move into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of the physical surroundings of their homeland in the port cities they built there. This is evident in comparing these two scenes. Below is a seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the Dutch built as their headquarters on the northern coast of Java in The scene at the right (next slide) is from a sixteenth-century engraving of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become the financial and commercial capital of Europe. It was also the chief port for the ships of the Dutch East India Company, which brought the spices of the East to Europe. The Art Archive 17th century view of Batavia, on the north coast of Java p. 427
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China & Japan China Japan Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty
Western Inroads Russia …furs and skins England…Canton, 1699…tea and silk Limited Contact…China would pay later Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) Opening to the West The Portuguese…landed in 1543 Initially visitors welcomed Catholic Missionaries The Dutch: allowed in Nagasaki once a year
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The Qing Empire. p. 429
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The Portuguese arriving in Nagasaki 1543
The Portuguese Arriving at Nagasaki. Portuguese traders landed accidentally in Japan in In a few years, they arrived regularly, taking part in a regional trade network involving Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. In these panels, done in black lacquer and gold leaf, we see a late-sixteenth-century Japanese interpretation of the first Portuguese landing at Nagasaki. Musée des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet (MG 18653), Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Arnaudet)/Art Resource, NY The Portuguese arriving in Nagasaki 1543 p. 431
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The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies North America
The British and the French The “Sugar Factories” North America The Dutch New Netherlands The English Jamestown (1607) Thirteen Colonies The French Canada
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The West Indies. p. 431
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p. 433
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The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered
Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa Less impact in Asia Multiracial society in Latin America Ecology Catholic Missionaries Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits in Asia Conversions in China Japan
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The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors
Opportunities for women…some owned property Economic effects Gold and Silver Exchange of plants and animals Columbian Exchange Impact on European lifestyle Chocolate, Coffee and Tea European rivalries New views of the world Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map Psychological impact
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Chinoisierie…a craze for Chinese furniture and porcelain in the 18th century
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Global Patterns of the European States in the Eighteenth Century
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Map 14-3, p. 437 Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange.
In addition to their diseases, which killed vast numbers of indigenous inhabitants of the Americas, Europeans transplanted many of their crops and domestic animals to the New World. Europeans also imported plants from the New World that increased food production and nutrition in Europe. Where were the main source regions for native plants imported into Europe? Map 14-3, p. 437
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Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
Inflation The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies New economic institutions The Bank of Amsterdam Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) Agriculture
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Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable
Economic activity = war through peaceful means Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade State intervention
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Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable Intra European trade Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas
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Discussion Questions Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for overseas exploration? How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs? What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia? What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?
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Web Links The Slave Trade European Voyages of Exploration
The Age of Exploration Digital South Asia Library Around the Indus in 90 Slides Internet East Asian History Sourcebook The East India Company Virtual Jamestown
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