1. The Active Ingredient of a pesticide usually can not be added to the carrier without modification, so the manufacturer may add Inert Ingredients such as solvents, wetting agents, stickers, etc.

2. The Active Ingredient of a pesticide usually can not be added to the carrier without modification, so the manufacturer may add other chemicals such as solvents, wetting agents, stickers, etc.
This combination is called a FORMULATION

3. A pesticide Formulation can rarely be used as it was originally made.

4. A pesticide Formulation can rarely be used as it was originally made.
It must be diluted with water, oil, air or other “carriers” so that it can be handled by application equipment and applied evenly to the target area.
This combination is called a DILUTION

5. There are many different types of Formulations:
Aerosols (A)
Convenient
Low Concentration AI
BUT,
-Expensive
-Attractive Nuisances

6. There are many different types of Formulations:
Dusts (D)
-Ready to Use
-Easily Applied
BUT,
-High Inhalation Exposure
-Highly Prone to Drift
-High Profile
-Easily Removed from Target

7. There are many different types of Formulations:
Baits
-Baits can be strategically placed and removed
-Virtually no drift or contamination
BUT,
-Attractive Nuisance
-Secondary Poisoning

8. There are many different types of Formulations:
Granules (G)
-Simple Application
-Ready to Use
-Low Drift
BUT,
-Not Good For Foliar Applications

9. There are many different types of Formulations:
Ready-To-Use (RTU)
-Low Concentration AI
-Convenient
BUT,
-Expensive
-Limited Use

10. There are many different types of Formulations:
Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
-High Concentration AI
-Easily Mixed & Stay In Solution
-Economical
BUT,
-Over or Under Mixing Easy
-Higher Risk For Exposure
-Caustic

11. There are many different types of Formulations:
Flowables (F)
-Finely Ground Solid Particles Suspended
in a Liquid
-Easily Mixed with Moderate Agitation
-Low Clog

12. There are many different types of Formulations:
Wettable or Soluble Powders (WP) (SP)
-Lower Phytotoxicity than EC
-Lower Dermal Exposure Risk
-Relatively Low Cost
-Easy to Store and Handle
BUT,
-High Inhalation Exposure
-Requires Much Agitation (Will Settle Out)
-Abrasive to Equipment

13. There are many different types of Formulations:
Fumigants (F)
-Nonselective pesticide
-Penetration
BUT,
-Treatment Area Must Be Enclosed
-High Risk

14. The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs.
Considerations:
Efficacy

15. The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs.
Considerations:
Efficacy
Pest Habitat

16. The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs.
Considerations:
Efficacy
Pest Habitat
Drift/Runoff Potential

17. The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs.
Considerations:
Efficacy
Pest Habitat
Drift/Runoff Potential
Phytotoxicity

18. The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs.
Considerations:
Efficacy
Pest Habitat
Drift/Runoff Potential
Phytotoxicity
Individual Concerns
(Equipment, PPE, Facilities…)

19. Mixing/Loading Site Should Be:
1. Situated Away From People, Animals, Surface Water & Wells.

20. Mixing/Loading Site Should Be:
Adequately
Ventilated

21. Mixing/Loading Site Should Be:
3. Supplied with: wash water, soap & towels
eye wash kit
change of clothes
spill clean up supplies

22. Mixing/Loading Site Should Be:
An Impervious Surface – which allows
applicator to control, contain and
recover any spills while minimizing ground and surface water contaminations.

23. Before Mixing & Loading:
Check the Pesticide Label For:
Mixing/Loading Instructions

24. Before Mixing & Loading:
Check the Pesticide Label For:
Mixing/Loading Instructions
Mixing Rates

25. Before Mixing & Loading:
Check the Pesticide Label For:
Mixing/Loading Instructions
Mixing Rates
PPE Requirements

26. Before Mixing & Loading:
If mixing more than one formulation
together, make sure they are
“compatible”

27. Before Mixing & Loading:
If mixing more than one formulation
together, make sure they are
“compatible”
When mixing different formulations,
use the W-A-L-E thumb rule

28. W-A-L-E
Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)

29. W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)
2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules

30. W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)
2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules
3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity

31. W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)
2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules
3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity
4. Add Flowable Liquids

32. W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)
2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules
3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity
4. Add Flowable Liquids
5. Add Emulsifiable Concentrates

33. W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)
2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules
3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity
4. Add Flowable Liquids
5. Add Emulsifiable Concentrates
6. Finish filling tank while agitating

34. -Mixing and Loading should be performed just before the application is to be made.

35. -Mixing and Loading should be performed just before the application is to be made.
-Check weather before mixing

36. When Mixing:
Do not leave operation unattended!

37. When Mixing:
2. Use water with pH 4 – 7.

38. Importance of Correct pH

39. When Mixing: 3. Consider using Adjuvants
(additives that enhance pesticidal activity)
- Buffering Agents for pH adjustment
- Wetting Agents/Emulsifiers aid in mixing
- Anti Drift increases droplet size

40. When Mixing: Mix no more than you plan to use immediately. This will:
- reduce the need to dispose of
excess dilutions
- minimize potential for surface &
groundwater contamination

41. When Mixing: Triple rinse containers when emptied during
mixing/loading.
- Add rinsate to tank.
- Puncture empty container to prevent reuse.

42. 5 Step Spill Plan 1. Control the Spill Contain the Spill
Report the Spill
Clean up the Spill
Dispose of Spill Materials

43. 1. Control the Spill
Take immediate steps to stop further leaks
Shut down equipment
Turn off a valve
Set container upright if on its side

44. 1. Control the Spill
Take immediate steps to stop further leaks
Plug any leaks on large
tanks or containers.
Place broken bags or
packets in larger
plastic bags and label

45. 5 Step Spill Plan 1. Control the Spill 2. Contain the Spill
3. Report the Spill
4. Clean up the Spill
5. Dispose of Spill Materials

46. Stop the spread of the spill using pillows, clays or booms.
2. Contain the Spill
Stop the spread of the spill using pillows, clays or booms.

47. 5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill
3. Report the Spill
4. Clean up the Spill
5. Dispose of Spill Materials

48. Emergency Notification
3. Report the Spill
Emergency Notification
All Class A, B and C Dealers, certified commercial and noncommercial applicators, certified private applicators, licensed pesticide applicator companies, pesticide producing establishments and persons working for licensed applicator companies under the supervision of a certified applicator, shall report pesticide accidents immediately…

49. TO: 3. Report the Spill VT Department of Agriculture
Plant Industry Section
VT Dept. of Public Safety
24 hrs/day – 7 days/wk

50. 3. Report the Spill What was spilled Amount spill
Source of spill (truck, sprayer, etc)
Concentration of spilled material (formulation or dilution)
Location, date and time of spill
Your response (what have you done so far)
Environmental impacts (if any)
Health risks (human or animal)
Was medical attention required

51. 5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill Report the Spill
4. Clean Up the Spill
5. Dispose of Spill Materials

52. 4. Clean Up the Spill
All Spills – avoid using sawdust with oxidizers

53. 4. Clean Up the Spill
Liquid Spills:
Work cleaning or neutralizing
compound into spill with coarse broom.
Add more absorbent material and collect
into labeled container until spill site is
sufficiently clean

54. 4. Clean Up the Spill
Dry Spills:
Collect all material into labeled
container until sufficiently clean

55. 4. Clean Up the Spill
Soil:
Minor Spills - use activated charcoal

56. 4. Clean Up the Spill
Soil:
Major Spills - remove top 2-4 inches, place
in labeled container for proper disposal

57. 5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill Report the Spill
4. Clean Up the Spill
5. Dispose of Spill Materials

58. 5. Dispose of Spill Materials

59. 5. Dispose of Spill Materials
If it is possible to recover the contaminated material (clays), you may be able to apply it to the pesticide labeled site
Some absorbent products are designed to dissolve in water and can be added back into the spray tank and applied to labeled site
Absorbent materials and heavily contaminated soil must be disposed of properly

60. Calculations
How many pounds of AI are there in a pound bag of a 50WP?

61. Calculations
How many pounds of AI are there in a pound bag of a 50WP?
0.5# A.I. = X # A.I.
1# product # of product

62. Calculations
How many pounds of AI are there in a pound bag of a 50WP?
0.5# A.I. = X # A.I.
1# product # of product
(1) (X) = (0.5) (10)

63. Calculations
How many pounds of AI are there in a pound bag of a 50WP?
0.5# A.I. = X # A.I.
1# product # of product
(1) (X) = (0.5) (10)
X = 5

64. Calculations
How many pounds of AI are there in a pound bag of a 50WP?
0.5# A.I. = X # A.I.
1# product # of product
(1) (X) = (0.5) (10)
X = 5
5# A.I. in a 10# bag of 50WP

65. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?

66. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
() X 0.75 = 15

67. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I.
1 pound of product X pounds of product

68. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I.
1 pound of product X pounds of product
(15) = (0.75) (x)

69. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I.
1 pound of product X pounds of product
(15) = (0.75) (x)
15 = .75X

70. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I.
1 pound of product X pounds of product
(15) = (0.75) (x)
15 = .75X
Divide both sides by .75 to solve for “X”
15 = .75X

71. Calculations
How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?
0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I.
1 pound of product X pounds of product
(15) = (0.75) (x)
15 = .75X
Divide both sides by .75 to solve for “X”
15 = .75X
X = 20# of 75%WP needed to provide 15# AI.

72. Calculations
3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L?

73. Calculations
3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L?
5 gallons X 4# A.I./gallon =

74. Calculations
3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L?
5 gallons X 4# A.I./gallon = 20# A.I.

75. Calculations
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.

76. 125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet
Calculations
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet

77. 125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet
Calculations
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet
You know you need 4 pounds to treat 1,000 square feet.

78. Calculations 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
4 pounds A.I. = X pounds A.I.
1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet

79. Calculations 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
4 pounds A.I. = X pounds A.I.
1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet
(4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000)

80. Calculations (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000) 45,000 = 1,000 X
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
  (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000)
45,000 = 1,000 X

81. 45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000
Calculations
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
  (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000)
45,000 = 1,000 X
45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X ,000

82. 45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000
Calculations
4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.
  (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000)
45,000 = 1,000 X
45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X ,000
X = 45# of AI are needed to treat ,250 square ft

83. Calculations
5. How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?

84. Calculations
How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?
.25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I.
1 pounds product X pounds of product
(X) (.25) = (1) (45) .

85. Calculations
How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?
.25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I.
1 pounds product X pounds of product
(X) (.25) = (1) (45)
.25 X = 45

86. Calculations
How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?
.25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I.
1 pounds product X pounds of product
(X) (.25) = (1) (45)
.25 X = 45
.25 X = Divide each side by 0.25 to solve for X

87. Calculations
How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?
.25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I.
1 pounds product X pounds of product
(X) (.25) = (1) (45)
.25 X = 45
.25 X = 45
X = 180 pounds of a 25G product are needed to treat ,250 square feet.

88. Dusters

89. Granule Spreaders

90. Granule Spreaders

91. Hand Operated Sprayers

92. Boom Sprayers

93. Boom Sprayers

94. High Pressure Sprayers

95. High Pressure Sprayers

96. Air Blast Sprayers

97. Air Blast Sprayers

98. Aerosol Generators

99. Fixed Wing Applicators

100. Rotary Applicators

101. Equipment Components
Pumps - There are many different types of pumps. The pump is used to move the material from the tank to the nozzle.
Nozzle – Perhaps the most important component, has three primary functions.

102. 3 Functions of Nozzles
Regulates Flow of Material

103. 3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material
More effective than pressure
- A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X

104. 3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material
More effective than pressure
- A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X
2. Atomize the Stream into Droplets

105. Droplets 1 Micron = 1/25,000 inch 100 Microns = 1 Human Hair
< 100 Microns will drift
160 Microns = Fine (Insects)
275 Microns = Medium (Foliage)
> 300 Microns will bounce
400 Microns = Coarse (Soil)

106. 3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material
More effective than pressure
- A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X
2. Atomize the Stream into Droplets
3. Spread Droplets in a Specific Pattern

107. Different Types of Nozzles

108. Different Types of Nozzles

109. Calibration precisely determines the output of the application equipment and will help you identify faulty components. It may also yield a savings in spray costs when correctly adjusted and maintained.

110. Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration
error greater than + or – 10%.

111. Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration
error greater that + or – 10%.
43% of sprayers have a greater than + or –
10% variation in discharge between nozzles

112. Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration
error greater that + or – 10%.
43% of sprayers have a greater than + or –
10% variation in discharge between nozzles
3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed

113. Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration
error greater that + or – 10%.
43% of sprayers have a greater than + or –
10% variation in discharge between nozzles
3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed
13% have inaccurate pressure gauges, many
indicating too low pressure.

114. Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration
error greater that + or – 10%.
43% of sprayers have a greater than + or –
10% variation in discharge between nozzles
3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed
13% have inaccurate pressure gauges, many
indicating too low pressure.
8% have inadequate hose size to supply
nozzles, causing system pressure drops.

115. Groundspeed

116. Nozzle Wear

117. Nozzle Wear

118. The Calibration process never ends.
Check yourself with each application
Replace worn nozzles (at least yearly)
A 10% overapplication on 100 acre farm at $20.00/acre = $ loss