1. The Great War
Chapter 19 Section 3 and 4

2. Trench Warfare
The Western Front – an area b/w France, Germany & Belgium where most of the war occurred
Troops dug a network of trenches
The space b/w the opposing trenches was known as “no man’s land”

3. German soldiers attacking

4. “No Man’s Land”

5. German solider hurls a grenade

6. Trenches

7. German Rat Hunt in the Trenches

8. British kid cleaning the trenches

10. Young soldier who died in the trenches

11. German Sharp Shooter

12. German troops inspect a conquered French trench on a farm.

13. German Soldiers Resting in a Trench

14. Trench Fighting Near Verdun, France

15. New Technology Machine gun 1915 – the Germans first used poison gas
Caused vomiting, blindness, suffocation
Gas masks b/c a necessary part of a soldier’s equipment
1916 – the British introduced the tank into battle
The first tanks were very slow, mechanically unreliable, and fairly easy to destroy

16. Germans Use Poison Gas 1915

17. Belgian Soldier Who Died A Victim of Gas Attack

18. British Soldiers Wearing Gas Masks

19. An overturned 155mm German Howitzer

20. The tank in the background is an A7V built by Daimler.
There were only twenty of these used in combat.
Germans soldiers are using flame throwers.

21. American tractor pulling one of the big guns to the frontline in France 1918

22. American tanks headed for the Argonne in France

23. New Technology Airplanes – WWI was the first war that planes were used
At first they were mainly used to observe enemy activities
Then both sides starting using them to drop bombs
They also attached machine guns to aircraft and engaged in air battles called dogfights

24. Americans and Victory Doughboys Convoy – ships gather into groups
Nickname for American soldiers
Largely inexperienced, but they boosted morale of the Allied forces
Convoy – ships gather into groups
Greatly reduced shipping losses
Ensured American troops arrived safely in Europe

25. American Soldiers Visit A French Cafe

26. American Base Hospital in France

27. Two young British soldiers in training camp.
Young U.S. navy boy
Boy in the middle is 14 years old. French army.
4. Jack Cornwall – ship boy – age 16 – British Navy
5. Young German boys pretending to be soldiers

28. World War I Triage Station

29. 15% of Germany’s army was made up of kids in high school.

30. Too Young to Die? Young German recruits
Young French Corporal (14yrs. Old)

31. Canadian Soldier Eating Blackberries Gathered in the Bourlon Wood in France 1918

32. French soldier shot as a spy

33. Rookie Robinson from Atlanta, Georgia served in the Navy.

34. German soldiers
The soldier on the right is Adolf Hitler.

35. Unfinished Cemetery

36. U.S. Colored Troops of 92nd Division Marching to the Front in the Argonne Wood in France

37. Young Disabled Soldiers at a London Hospital

38. Young German soldier stiffened by death

39. German soldiers help a wounded British P.O.W.

40. Russia Gets Out 1917 – riots break out in Russia
Over how the govt. was handling the war and scarcity of food and fuel
March 15, 1917 – Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne
By November Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks established a Communist govt. in Russia
They pulled Russia out of the war

41. The War Ends
At the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 the fighting stopped
Germany signed an armistice
Armistice – cease fire that ended the war

43. War Devastation

44. Celebrating Armistice in front of the Opera House in Paris

45. Celebrating in Paris

46. Victory Parade in Atlanta, Georgia (1918)

47. Armistice Railway Car at Compiegne

48. The signers of the Armistice as they existed the railway car at Compiégne, France where the document was signed.  Marshal Foch has the Armistice in his hand and is preparing to leave for Paris to formally hand over the papers to the French government.  The two warring sides signed the Armistice at 5 am, 11 November 1918 with the terms of the agreement set to come into effect six hours later at 11 am.  Thus, the war officially ended at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."

49. The war lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 days.
The total of direct war costs of all participating was about $186 billion.
Casualties in the land forces amounted to more than 37 million in addition to 10 million civilian deaths.
Total loss of men for the Allies was approx. 22, 089, 709.
Total loss of men for the Central Powers was approx, 37, 494, 186.
There were no real victors.
WAR IS NEVER GLORIOUS!
Not only were French, British, Germans, Canadians, Russians, and Americans its victims, so were Serbians, Italians, Japanese, Turks, Bulgarians, Belgians, Chinese, Australians, Indians, South Africans, and members of dozens of other nationalities. For most of it, soldiers stood across from each other in a ridiculous stalemate, like two bullies in a playground. And during its biggest and most tragic battles, the same pieces of meaningless landscape were traded back and forth a dozen times, every mound of earth around them turned over by powerful explosives and joined with the flesh of the innocen

50. Wilson’s 14 Points The 14 points were…
A blueprint for lasting peace in Europe
Called for the League of Nations to be created
The other Allied leaders did not agree w/ Wilson’s 14 points
They thought it was too lenient toward Germany

51. Treaty of Versailles Signed by Germany June 28, 1919
It was a harsh treaty for Germany b/c it…
Stripped them of their armed forces
Forced them to pay $33 Billion to the Allies for war damages
Forced them to acknowledge guilt for the outbreak of WWI and the devastation caused by the war

52. Rejection of the Treaty
Wilson did not like the harsh treaty, but he agreed b/c it included the creation of the League of Nations
Congress refused to ratify the treaty
They did not want to be entangled in foreign affairs
The League of Nations happened w/o the participation of the US
It did not last

54. Economic Turmoil at Home
Govt. agencies removed their control of the American economy
Released pent-up demand in economy
People raced to buy goods that had been rationed during the war
Businesses raised prices they had been forced to keep low   RAPID INFLATION!!!
Inflation increased the cost of living

55. Inflation Leads to Strikes
Workers want higher wages to keep up with inflation
Employers wanted to hold down wages b/c inflation was also driving up their operating costs
Unions had been built up during the war and employers wanted to crush the unions
All this led to an enormous wave of strikes

56. The Boston Police Strike of 1919
75% of the police force walked off the job
Riots and looting erupted in the city
Calvin Coolidge – governor of Massachusetts sent the national guard into Boston
The strikers tried to return to work and the police commissioner refused to accept them
He fired them and hired a new police force
Coolidge supported the police commissioner

57. The Red Scare
Fear that Communists were conspiring to start a revolution in the US
Red Scare – fear that Communists (reds) might seize power – nationwide panic
General Intelligence Division (later b/c the FBI)
Created by A. Mitchell Palmer (US Attorney General)
Headed by J. Edgar Hoover