1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Napoleonic Code.
French communal law.
Free contracts
Open markets
Uniform & clear commercial regulations
Standards weights & measures.
Established technical schools.
The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.
Bank of France  European model providing a reliable currency.

3. French Economic Disadvantages
Years of war
Supported the American Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

4. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

5. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

6. The Enclosure Movement

7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

9. Factors of Production in Britain
Labor
Former villagers moving to cities searching for work because of Agricultural Revolution
Capital
Wealth because of relative political stability and healthy economy
Land
Britain had rivers for water power and transportation
Abundance of coal
Harbors for ships to set sail

10. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

11. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

12. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

13. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

14. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

15. Textile Factory Workers in England

16. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

17. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

18. Jacquard’s Loom

19. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

20. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

21. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 million tons of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 million tons
200, 000 miners
1860
75 million tons
500, 000 miners
1915
300 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

22. Young Coal Miners

23. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

24. British Pig Iron Production

25. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

26. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

27. The Power Loom

28. James Watt’s Steam Engine

29. Steam Tractor

30. Steam Ship

31. An Early Steam Locomotive

32. Later Locomotives

33. The Impact of the Railroad

34. “The Great Land Serpent”

35. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

36. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

37. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

38. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion