1. Dynamic Equilibrium in Plants
Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
Kreb’s and Calvin Cycles

2. Importance of Photosynthesis
Converts solar energy into chemical energy (produces food for heterotrophs)
Foundation of all food chains/webs
Responsible for production/maintenance of soil
Contributes oxygen to atmosphere (essential to heterotrophs and autotrophs)
Removes CO2 from the atmosphere (greenhouse gas)
Importance of Photosynthesis

3. Photosynthetic Organisms
Plants
Bryophytes
Spore-bearing (ferns)
Seed-bearing
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Algae (Protists)
Rhodophyta (red) Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Phaeophyta (brown) Euglenophyta
Chlorophyta (green) Chrysophyta (golden-brown)
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Photosynthetic Organisms

6. Transpiration assists Photosynthesis in 2 Ways:
The “Transpiration Pull” moves H2O, minerals and other material from the roots to other areas of the plant through negative pressure (aka Capillary Action).
Transpiration cools the leaf so the enzymes required for catalyzing reactions are not denatured.
Transpiration assists Photosynthesis in 2 Ways:

7. Purpose:
Maximize CO2 intake
Limit water loss
Stomata Regulation

8. Stomata opening/closing:
The size of the guard cells changes as water moves by osmosis
Stomata opening/closing:

9. Stomata close when conditions are:
Sunny
Warm
Dry
windy

10. Chloroplasts are found in:
Leaves *
Stems
Unripened fruit
*Only these parts may photosynthesize
(Leaves are the primary site)
*Chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes and can replicate by fission (asexual)

12. Photosynthesis has 3 Stages:
The Light Reactions  occur in the thylakoid
1. Capture light energy
2. Use captured light energy to make ATP
and NADPH
*Light dependent reactions
The Calvin-Benson Cycle (Carbon Fixation)
3. Use the free energy of ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic compounds (glucose) from CO2  Occurs in the stroma
*Heat dependent reactions
Photosynthesis has 3 Stages:

13. Photosynthesis Flow Chart

14. These occur in the lumen of the thylakoids
Light Reactions (video)
ADP Pi Light Energy  ATP
Adenosine inorganic = Adenosine
diphosphate phosphate triphosphate
NADP H2O  NADPH H+
* These are Endergonic reactions
These occur in the lumen of the thylakoids

15. Animation
Light Reactions

16. Goal = to convert CO2 to carbohydrates
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Goal = to convert CO2 to carbohydrates
It is similar to the Krebs Cycle because some of the reactants are regenerated by the process to be used again.
The Calvin Benson Cycle relies on heat and the compounds generated in the first two steps.
This series of reactions occurs in the protein-rich, semi-liquid stroma

19. Resources Calvin Cycle animation Animation – Calvin Cycle
And another one...
What does you tube have to say?
Resources

23. Cellular Respiration

25. All organism use glucose (C6H12O6) as their primary energy source.
Cell Respiration is a series of reactions
Break covalent bonds and rearrange the atoms into new and more stable configurations
The overall process is Exergonic but it does require
a jump start (activation energy)
and the assistance of enzyme catalysts
Cellular Respiration

26. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

27. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
3 Goals of Aerobic Respiration:
Break the bonds between the 6 carbons of glucose to make 6 CO2
Move the 12 hydrogen from the glucose to oxygen to make 6 H2O
Trap the energy released in the process as ATP to be used for the cell in various ways
Aerobic Cellular Respiration

28. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Overall Reaction 6 oxygen 6 oxygen
6 carbon 6 oxygen
12 hydrogen
6 CO H2O
Overall Reaction

29. 4 Stages / 3 Places Glycolysis (10 steps) in cytplasm
Pyruvate Oxidation (1 step) in the mitochondial matrix
Krebs Cycle (8 steps) (aka Citric Acid Cycle ) in the mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis (multiple steps) on inner mitochondrial membrane
4 Stages / 3 Places

30. 4 Stages / 3 Places

31. This is done by all living things, including prokaryotes, since it is not done inside the mitchondria
It is thought to be the most basic cellular respiration although it is not efficient enough for complex organisms, it is sufficient for small, unicellular prokaryotes.
Animation

32. Krebs Cycle

35. Citric Acid Cycle animation
By the end of the Krebs Cycle, the original glucose molecule is completely consumed.
All that remains is the CO2 that has been produced
It will be removed from the cell as waste.
CCCCCC CCC + CCC  CC + CC + CO2 + CO2  CO2 + CO2 + CO2 + CO2
Glycolysis  Pyruvate  Krebs Cycle
Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle animation

37. Krebs Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle

38. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Animation
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

39. Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

40.
Resource