1. Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter 3

2. I. African Culture
1. Land is made up of desert, rain forests, and large flat grasslands

3. I. African Culture
2. Savannah – large area of flat grasslands

4. 3. Sahel – land between the Sahara and the savannah
4. Sub-Saharan – area south of the Sahara desert. Mostly made up of grasslands and rain forests (not deserts)

5. 5. Crops in sub-Saharan Africa
a. Grains - millet, sorghum b. Maize (corn) c. Watermelon d. Peas e. Roots (yams)

6. 6. Livestock – Sheep, Goats, Cattle
a. They were considered a sign of wealth, so people used them for milk and other products

7. 7. Ironworking
a. Iron production probably developed independently in Africa b. Iron was valuable because it was more durable than stone, wood or bone c. Used as a form of money in countries such as Ethiopia

8. 8. The most important element of traditional African culture was the FAMILY.

9. 9. Clan – A family that could be traced by with his ancestry
10. Tribe – Two or more clans that shared common language, beliefs, and customs
Not always just primitive culture

10. 11. The Kikuyu did not worship lots of gods ­ they believed in only one Supreme Being, Ngai.

11. 12. Animism
-the belief that spirits lived in trees, rocks, rivers...mountains...any part of nature. Even cows!

12. 13. Islam in sub-Saharan Africa
a. The spread of Islam followed trade routes b. It was gradual and generally nonviolent c. In northern Africa it resulted from rapid military conquest

13. II. Early African Empires
14. East - Ethiopia
a. Kush is located on the Nile River between Egypt and Ethiopia

14. 15. The Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Juda was the imperial title of Ethiopian rulers
16. Coptic's believe that Aksum (another name for Ethiopia) contained the original ark of the covenant

15. 17. Coptic Christians regard Menelik as the offspring of King Solomon
18. Ezana- Ethiopian king - who became a Coptic Christian

16. 19. Lalibela has several unusual churches that were made by carving into rock below ground level

17. 20. Ghana became prosperous partly because of its gold and salt trading
21. By the 11th century
Ghana’s rulers
Converted to Islam

18. 22. During Europe’s Dark Ages, African empires built advanced cities like Timbuktu

19. 23. King Sunjata founded the kingdom of Mali
a. Rulers converted to Islam

20. Musa 24. Mansa the title of the king of Mali- means “ruler”
25. Mansa Musa - Mali king made pilgrimage to Mecca and brought a lot of gold

21. 26. West African trading items
a. Cotton cloth b. Gold c. Iron

22. 27. Camels
a. Camel’s body’s are built for desert survival b. Stores energy-rich fat in its hump c. Stores enough liquid to survive five to seven days without water d. Shuts out debris during sandstorms with its nostrils and long eyelashes

23. 28. Arabic became widely adopted in northern Africa due to the spread of Islam in the region

24. III. Growth of Trade in East Africa
29. Mogadishu (Mukdisho) – modern town on Somalia’s eastern coast

25. 30. Swahili – common trade language along the eastern coast of Africa

26. 31. Major businesses in eastern African cities centered around the following commodities: a. Ivory b. Precious stones c. Slaves

27. 32. African towns traded with merchants in areas like Arabia, China, and India
33. Cathay – ancient name for China

28. 34. Zimbabwe – large city built near
Sabi River. It’s name means “great house of stone”
35. Zambezi – River that
borders Zimbabwe’s
empire

29. 37. Kilwa engaged in jihad against Zinj
36. Kilwa – “one of the finest and most substantially built towns”
37. Kilwa engaged in
jihad against Zinj