1. Mon. Mar. 31 Do Now
If you graph speed vs. time, does speed or time go on the x-axis?
Does the dependent or independent variable go on the x-axis?

2. Learning Intentions Define force and describe how it is measured.
Explain how forces are created.
Compare and contrast types of forces.

3. Forces and Motion
A force is a push or pull, or an action that has the ability to change motion.
Forces can increase or decrease the speed of a moving object.
Forces can also change the direction in which an object is moving.

4. How are forces created? Forces are created in many ways.
For example, your muscles create force when you swing a baseball bat.

5. Units of force
The pound is a unit of force commonly used in the United States.
For smaller amounts, pounds are divided into ounces (oz.).
There are 16 ounces in 1 pound.

6. Pounds
When you measure weight in pounds on a scale, you are measuring the force of gravity acting on an object.

7. Newtons
Although we use pounds all the time in our everyday life, scientists prefer to measure forces in newtons.
The newton (N) is a metric unit of force.
One newton is the force it takes to change the speed of a 1 kilogram mass by 1 m/s per second.
1 N = 1 kg m/s2

8. Recall: change in speed in an interval of time is acceleration
Recall: change in speed in an interval of time is acceleration. So one newton is the force to accelerate 1 kilogram by 1m/s2 .

9. Unit Comparison
The newton (N) is a smaller unit of force than the pound (lb).
One pound of force equals newtons, so a 100 lb person weighs newtons.

10. Force Vectors
We use arrows, called vectors, to represent the direction and magnitude of forces.
The length of the arrow shows how large the force is (its magnitude).
The direction that the arrow points shows the direction in which the force is acting.

11. Force Vectors
The direction of a force makes a big difference in what the force does.
That means force is a vector, like velocity or position.
Arrows are often used to show the direction of forces in diagrams.

12. How Forces Act One way forces act is the result of direct contact.
A contact force is transmitted by matter directly touching other matter, such as wind acting to slow a parachute.

13. How Forces Act
The force of gravity between Earth and Moon appears to be what people once called “action-at-a- distance”.
Today we know that the gravitational force is carried from the Earth to the Moon by a force field.

14. Contact forces from ropes and springs
Ropes and springs are often used to make and apply forces.
Ropes are used to transfer forces or change their direction.
The pulling force carried by a rope is called tension.
Tension always acts along the direction of the rope.

16. Spring forces Springs are used to make or control forces.
The force from a spring always acts to return the spring to its resting shape.
Which of these springs is designed to be stretched?
Which is designed to be compressed?

17. Classify these forces as contact forces or the result of force fields.

18. Gravity
The force of acceleration of gravity acting on an object’s mass is called weight.
At Earth’s surface, gravity exerts a force of 9.8 N on every kilogram of mass.

19. Weight vs. Mass Weight and mass are not the same.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight is a force measured in newtons (N).
Weight depends on mass & strength of acceleration of gravity.

20. Weight depends on mass and gravity
A 10-kilogram rock has the same mass no matter where it is in the universe. On Earth, the10 kg. rock weighs 98 N.. On the moon, the same rock only weighs 16 N.

21. The Weight Formula
The weight equation can be rearranged into three forms to calculate weight, mass, or the strength of acceleration of gravity.

22. mass (m) & acceleration of gravity (g)
Use:
To find:
When you know:
W = m x g
weight (W)
mass (m) & acceleration of gravity (g)
m = W g
mass (m)
weight (W) & acceleration of gravity (g)
g = W m
acceleration of gravity (g)
weight (W) &

23. Solving Problems
Calculate the weight of a 60-kilogram person on Earth, where g = 9.8 m/s2 & on Mars, where g = 3.7 m/s2.
Looking for: weight of person on both planets
Given: mass = 60 kg; g = 9.8 m/s2 on Earth; g = 3.7 m/s2 on Mars; we know that
1 N= 1 kg m/s2
Relationships: W = m x g
Solution:
60 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 588 N on Earth
60 kg x 3.7 m/s2 = 222 N on Mars

24. Practice: Pg. 56-57 Problems 4,14-17, 21-25

25. Tues. Apr. 1 Do Now 1. What is a force?
2. Describe the difference between a contact force and a force field.
3. What is the formula to calculate weight?

26. Learning Intentions Define friction. Identify causes of friction.
Distinguish among various types of friction.

27. Friction
Friction is a force that resists the motion of objects or surfaces.
Many kinds of friction exist.

28. Friction

29. Friction and Two Surfaces
Friction depends on both of the surfaces in contact.
When the hockey puck slides on ice, a thin layer of water between the rubber and the ice allows the puck to slide easily.

30. Identifying Friction Forces
Friction is a force, measured in newtons just like any other force.
Static friction keeps an object at rest from moving.

31. Identifying Friction Forces
Sliding friction is a force that resists the motion of an object moving across a surface.

32. Friction depends on a material’s properties such as roughness, how clean the surfaces are, and other factors.
The greater the force squeezing two surfaces together, the greater the friction force.

33. Reducing the Force of Friction
Unless a force is constantly applied, friction will slow all motion to a stop eventually.
It is impossible to completely get rid of friction, but it can be reduced.

34. Reducing the Force of Friction
The friction between a shaft (the long pole in the picture) and an outer part of a machine produces a lot of heat.
Friction can be reduced by placing ball bearings between the shaft and the outer part.

35. Using Friction Friction is also important to anyone driving a car.
Grooved tire treads allow space for water to be channeled away from the road-tire contact point, allowing for more friction in wet conditions.

36. How do you think these shoes increase friction?
Using Friction
Shoes are designed to increase the friction between their soles and the ground.
How do you think these shoes increase friction?

37. Friction changes energy of motion into heat energy.
Friction and energy
Friction changes energy of motion into heat energy.

38. Friction and Energy
Friction is always present in any machine with moving parts.
If the machine is small, or the forces are low, the amount of heat produced by friction may also be small.

39. Now answer the Friction practice questions on your note sheet!

40. Wed. April 2 Do Now Name two types of friction.
What are two things that will increase friction?

41. Learning Intentions Determine the net force acting on an object.
Define equilibrium.
Draw free-body diagrams to represent all forces acting on a body.

42. Forces and Equilibrium
The sum of all the forces on an object is called the net force.
The word net means total but also means the direction of the forces has been taken into account.
In what direction will this plane go?

43. Adding Forces
To figure out if or how an object will move, we look at ALL of the forces acting on it.
Four forces act on a plane:
weight
drag (air friction)
the thrust of the engines, and
the lift force caused by the flow of air over the wings.

46. Equilibrium When several forces act on the same object:
The net force is zero, or
The net force is NOT zero.
10 N
-10 N
-7 N
10 N

48. The normal force is sometimes called the support force.
Normal Forces
A normal force is created whenever an object is in contact with a surface.
The normal force has equal strength to the force pressing the object into the surface, which is often the object’s weight.
The normal force is sometimes called the support force.

49. Equilibrium When the forces are balanced, the net force is zero.
Weight
When the forces are balanced, the net force is zero.
When the net force on an object is zero, we say the object is in equilibrium.

50. The Free Body Diagram
How do you keep track of many forces with different directions?
Draw a free-body diagram that contains the objects, like a book on a table.

52. Solving Equilibrium Problems
For an object to be in equilibrium, all the forces acting on the object must add up to zero.
Is this object in equilibrium?

53. Solving Equilibrium Problems
Two chains are used to support a small boat weighing 1,500 newtons.
One chain has a tension of 600 newtons.
What is the force exerted by the other chain?

54. Solving Problems Looking for: Given Relationships: …tension on chain 2
…weightboat = 1,200N; tension1 = 600 N
Implied: weight and tension are forces
Relationships:
Net force on boat = zero

55. Upward force of chains = weight of boat 600 N + tension2 = 1,200 N
Solving Problems
Solution:
Draw free body diagram
Upward force of chains = weight of boat
600 N + tension2 = 1,200 N
tension2 = 900 N

56. PRACTICE
Do: Net Forces, Equilibrium, and Free Body Diagram Practice problems